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DESHASHEH.         STATUE     OF     NENKHEFTKA. 


Frontispiece. 


DESHASHEH 

18  9  7 


BY 

W.  M.  FLINDERS   PETllIE,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D. 

KIi\VAK[lS    rUlJFl'lSSIlK    IIF     Ki;  Vl' I'll  1,1  I|;V,     UNIVKBSITV    COLLEGE,     LdXDIlX 

VIIK-IMIKSIDENT     UK      llil:     UIIVAT,     AlifllAEnLOG  ICAL     INSTITUTE,      LOXMOX 

MKMIIKR    OK    THE    IMrEBIAL    r.KHMAN    ARCIIAEOLOfilCAL    INSTITUTE 

COllB.    MEMH.    SOfTETY    OK    ANTHROPOLOGY,    RERLIN 

MEMBER     OF     THE     SOCIETY     OK     NORTHERN     ANTHJUARIES 


With  a  (Chapter  bi/ 
F.    Ll.   GRTFFTTH,   M.A.,   F.S.A. 


FIFTEENTH    ME]\rOIR    OF 

THE     EGYPT     EXPLORATION     FUND 


rv BUSHED    BY    OllDEll    OF    THE    COMMITTEE 


LONDON: 

SOLD    AT 

The   offices    OF   THE   EGYPT    EXPLORATION   FUND,    37,  Great  Russell  Street,  W.C, 
AND  AT  59,  Temple  Street,  Boston,  Mass.,  U.S.A.; 
ixn  BY  KEGAN   PAUL,   TRENCH,   TRUBNER  &  CO.,  Paternoster  House,  Cuaring  Cross  Road,  W.C. 
B.  QUARITCH,  15,  Piccadilly,  W.  ;    ASHER  &  Co.,  in,  Bedford  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

1898 


PRINTED     BY     GILUPIRT     AND     RIVINGTON,     LIMITIOD, 
ST.    JOHN'S   IIOIISE,    CLKRKKNffELL,    EX. 


ECxYPT    EXPLORATION    FUND. 

IprcBlDcnt. 
SIR   JOHN    FOWLER,    Bart.,    K.C.M.G. 


Uice=ipvcslC»cnt6. 


SinE.  ]\rAUNDF,TiioMrsoN,K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.l). 
Major  -  General     Sir     Francis     Ghenfeu., 

G.C.M.G.,  K.C.B. 
TiiK  Kev.  Prof.  A.  H.  Sayoe,  M.A.,  LL.I). 
Charles  Duulky  Warner,  Esq.,  L.H.D.,  LL.D. 

(U.S.A.). 
The    Hev.   AV.    G.    Winslow,    D.D.,    D.C.L. 

(U.S.A.). 


The  Hon.  Chas.  L.  HuTcniNSON  (U.S.A.), 

The     Hon.     John     G.ko.     Bourinot,     D.C.L 

(Canada). 
1'rof.   G.  J\[AsrER0,  D.C.L.  (France). 
PuoF.  Ad.  ErmaNj  Ph.D.  ((iennany). 
JosiAH  Mullens,  Esq.  (Australia). 
M.  CHARLEa  Hentsch  (Switzerland). 


Uion.  tlicaaurevs. 
II.  A.  Grueber,  Er(i.,  F.S.A.  F.  C.  Foster,  Esq.  (U.S.A.). 


J.  S.  Cotton,  Esq.,  M.A. 


f.ioii.  Secretaries. 

The  Rev.  W.   C,  Winslow,  D.D.  (U.S.A.). 


/IlicnUicrs  of  Committee. 


T.  H.  Baylis,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Q.C.,  V.D. 

Miss  M.  Buodrick,  Ph.D.   (for  Post. m). 

SoMEus  Clarke,  Esq.,  F.S..\. 

W.  E.  Cku.m,  E.'^q.,  M.A. 

Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D. 

Arthur  John  Evans,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

F.  Ll.  Griffith,  Esq.,  ^M.A.,  F.S.A. 

jVLts.  F.  Ll.  Griffith. 

T.  Farm  10  R  Hall,  Esq. 

John  Horniman,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Mrs.  McGlure. 

The  Rev,  W.  MacGhegor,  M.A. 

A.  S.  Murray,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A. 


The  Marquis  of  Noutitampton. 

1).  Parrish,  Esq.  (U.S.A.). 

Francis  Wm.  Percival,  Es.].,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Prof.  W.   M.    Flinders   Petijih,    D.C.L.    (fm- 

Chicago). 
F.  G.  Hilton  Price,   Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Mrs.  Tiraud. 

The  Rev.  H.  G.  Tomkins,  M.A. 
The  Lord  Bishop  of  Truro. 
Hermann  Weber,  Esq.,  M.D. 
I^Iajor-General    Sir    Charles    W.    Wilson, 

K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S. 


CONTENTS. 


INTKODUCTION. 

1 .  Expluratimi  uf  Middle  Egypt 

2.  CeuR'tery  of  Deshaslieh.     Tl.  1.  . 

CHAPTER  I. 

Tjiii  TiiMB  oi'  Anta. 

3.  Chruuology  of  the  ceuu'tery.     PI.  II. 

4.  Plan  of  the  tomb.      PI.  III. 

5.  Battle  iu  Syria.     PI.  IV.    . 

6.  Siege  of  town.      PI.  IV. 

7.  Boat-building,  &c.     PI.  V. 

8.  Shipof  Auta.     PI.  VI.        . 

9.  Ptecess  of  the  tomb.     Pis.  Vli.-L\. 
10.    Animals,  dancers,  &c.      Pis.  X.-XII. 

1 1  .    Workmen,  &  pilhirs.     Pis.  XilL,  XiV 

CHAPTER    II. 
Thk  Tomb  of  Suedu. 

12.  Plan  of  the  tomb.     PI.  IIT. 

13.  Field  scenes  and  servants.      Pis.  XV.- 

XYU 

14.  Cattle  and  funeral  sacrifice.   Pi.  XVIII. 

15.  Recess  of  the  tomb.     Pis.  XIX.,  XX. 

16.  Workmen.     PI.  XXI. 

■  17.  Fishing    and    harvest.       Pis.    XXIL, 
XXIII 


9 
1) 

10 
10 

10 


18.   Lower  faradc.     Pis.  XXIV.,  XXV.    .      11 


CHAPTEE   III. 

Tii.MBS    (IF    NkNKIIKFTKA     AM)    SuN. 

19.  Position  of  tomb  and  serdab 

20.  Statues  found     .... 
2 1  .   Condition  of  statues  . 

22,  Wrecking  of  statues  and  sepulchre 

23.  Nenkheftek's  tond)     . 

CHAPTER   IV. 

ToMliS    WITH     i^KKFKCT    BoDlKS. 

24.  Classes  uf  burials.      PI.  XXVI.  . 

25.  Full-length  burials.     Amulets    . 

26.  Contracted  burials  in  coffins 

27,  Burial  in  Idock  coffins 

28,  Burial  without  coffins,  full  length 

29,  Burial  without  coffins,  contracted 

30.  Uncertain  burials 

CHAPTER  V. 

TdMiJS  wrru   Dis.skvkuku  Bodies. 

31 .  Bodies  with  portions  dissevered  . 

32.  Bodies  mainly  dissevered    . 

33,  Bodies     completely     dissevered     and 

reconstituted       .... 

34,  Bodies     completely     dissevered     and 

irregular     ..... 

35,  Burial  and  treatment  of  bodies  . 


12 
13 
I-l 
15 


l(i 
Ki 

17 

IS 

IS 

is 


20 

21 

22 

23 

24 


▼Ill 


OON'I'KN'I'S. 


ClIAI'TKR    VI. 

MkASURHMKNTS    ok     IIIIO    SkKI/KTOiNS. 

36.  .Mutevinl  for  meusurcineiil  . 

37.  Diiiiciisioiis  ol' skulls  coiiipaiod 

38.  Proportions  of  skulls  compared 

39.  Dimensions  of  bones  . 

40.  Proportions  of  bones  . 
41  .  Roman  skulls 

CHAPTER   VII. 

Minor  Objects. 

42.  Wooden  ti^'ures. 

43.  Clothiiii: 

44.  Mallets,  chisels,  and  sliarptiucrs  . 

45.  Palette,  lioad-rests,  and  I'ccd-work 

46.  Pottery 


25 

25 
2B 
27 

28 
29 


.    n-2 

.    ;m 

.    ;]5  1 

CllAlTKll    VIII, 
Skoon'd.mjv    Buki.\i,s. 

47.  Pui-ials  vi'  .W'llltli  Dynasty 

48.  Konian  burials   .  .  .  . 

49.  Jiahsaniuu  .  .  .  . 

CH7\PTER    fX. 

TlIK     IxsClillTltlNS. 

By  l<\   \A.  Griffitli,  M.A..    K.S.A. 

50.  Tomb  of  Anta    .  .  .  . 
51  .  Tomb  of  Shedu  .         .         .         , 

52,  Boai'd  and  coffin  of  Mera,    . 

53.  Coffin  of  Nenklieft-ek  . 

INDEX 

LIST  OK   PLATES. 


37 


42 

44 

4(; 

47 

■i!) 

r^9. 


DESHASHEH. 


INTRODUCTION. 


(1.)  Thk  work  of  this  year  has  been  more 
varied  than  usual,  and  has  fulfilled  more  the 
character  of  exploration  than  in  previous  years. 
One  of  the  least  known  parts  of  Egypt,  the 
western  side  from  the  Fayum  to  Minieh,  was 
completely  traversed  and  examined ;  and  two 
sites  within  that  area  were  excavated. 

At  the  end  of  November  I  went  to  settle  at 
Behnesa,  the  Roman  Oxyrhynkhos,  and  built 
huts  there  for  our  party.  Mr.  Geere  accompanied 
me,  and  Mr.  Grenfell  and  Mr.  Hunt  came  soon 
after.  The  permission  to  excavate  was  granted 
on  November  30  ;  but  we  were  kept  idle,  Avait- 
ing  for  its  official  transmission,  till  December  12, 
thus  losinir  a  larije  fraction  of  the  season.  On 
examining  the  desert  bcliind  Behnesa,  back  for 
fdur  miles,  we  failed  to  find  any  tomlis  of 
importance  ;  and  only  Roman  toml)s  were  found 
near  the  town.  All  the  toAvn  mounds  were 
Roman  and  Araljic,  and  I  did  not  find  anything 
of  importance  except  the  beginning  of  the  great 
harvest  of  papyri.  Seeing  that  the  interest  of 
the  place  would  depend  on  that  line,  and  not 
on  Egyptian  remains,  I  handed  the  site  over 
entirely  to  Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt,  and  went 
exploring  southward. 

The  whole  edge  of  the  desert  from  Behnesa 
and  Minieh  was  explored;  all  the  ruins  and  ceme- 
teries Avere  noted,  and  many  places  examined 
in   the   cultivated   land   and   also    back    in    the 


desert.  I  travelled  j^fii'tly  on  donkey,  partly 
Avalking,  and  constantly  using  a  telescope  to 
search  the  distance ;  each  evening,  on  camping 
by  the  Arab  villages  which  skirt  the  cultivation, 
I  gathered  all  the  iulormation  that  I  could  from 
the  people.  One  certain  result  is  that  the  site 
for  the  coloured  plaster  heads  from  coffins, 
Avhich  was  exploited  a  fcAv  years  ago,  is  in  the 
cemeteries  a  little  north  of  ]\Iiuicli  ;  the  people 
mentioned  them,  and  I  saAv  pieces  of  them  lying 
about.  The  scenery  here  is  unlikt;  any  other 
part  of  Egypt.  On  crossing  the  Nile  j^lain  and 
I'eachinii'  the  desert  a  hiirh  sand  dime  is  seen, 
which  seems  to  be  the  beginning  of  the  endless 
Avaste.  Ascending  it,  a  long  strip  of  lilue  lake 
of  fresh  Avater  lies  Ix'fore  us,  a  qiiartcr  to  half 
a  mile  Avide.  When  the  dune  behind  that  is 
climbed,  anotlicr  lake  is  seen,  and  yet  anothei'. 
At  one  point  of  vieAV  I  saAV  six  parallel  lakes  of 
blue  Avater  divided  by  high  dunes  of  yelloAV 
sand.  These  lakes  are  filled  up  at  each  high 
Nile,  and  then  gradually  dry  aAvay  during  the 
succeeding  months,  leaving  rich  grassy  plains, 
on  which  the  Arabs  pasture  their  cattle.  The 
Avhole  of  this  side  of  the  country,  for  some  three 
or  four  miles  into  the  cultivation,  is  held  by 
settled  tribes  of  desert  Arabs.  They  have 
almost  ceased  to  be  nomadic,  mostly  living  in 
houses  ;  but  they  keep  up  the  carrying  of  arms, 
and  any  man  of  importance  Avears  a  small  arsenal, 

B 


DKSnASIlKII. 


tlie  old  i-iclilv  silvcr-innuiitcil  liliiii(l('i-l>us< 
serving'  to  iittc'st  liis  r(sp(>ci;iliility,  \\liilr  ;i  \):\\v 
of  six-cliumhercil  rcNulvcrs,  lully  l<i;i<lc(l,  sli(i\v  ;i 
capncitv  {\>v  Imsiiicss.  I  Avas  i-eceivcd  with  tin' 
most  pressing  hospitality,  and  was  luinlly  nlilc  U> 
keep  to  iny  (^iiict  tent  and  avoid  nocturnal  leasts 
and  Avcaryinp;  politenesses.  The  sites  proved 
to  be  nearly  all  Kontan,  except  a  cenietcry  of 
the  XXIInd  Dvnastv  :  so  I  returned  to  Behncsa. 
in  order  to  go  northwards. 

The  desert  edge  IVoni  Uolmesa  to  ^Icdinet  el 
Faynni  was  then  all  traversed  similarly.  At  I'd 
j\resid  a  native  scribe  came  to  my  tent,  and 
began  giving  me  the  names  and  details  of  all  the 
sites  of  towns  and  cemeteries  on  both  east  and 
■west  banks.  lie  is  the  only  native  that  I  have 
seen,  who  took  a  real  interest  in  such  matters  ; 
he  had  actuallv  visited  most  of  the  places,  but 
Avas  apparently  not  digging  or  dealing,  nor 
attempting  to  make;  anything  bv  his  knowledge 
Ifis  nauK!  is  I'mran  Khallil  ;  he  answered  all  my 
ini|uii'ies  most  c()rdiallv,  ami  did  all  he  could  tn 
put  me  on  the  tracdc  of  what  he  knew  :  so  far  as 
1  could  \'eril\'  his  inl'ni'iiiation,  both  before  and 
afterwards,  it  was  rpiite  correct.  The  princijial 
place  of  impoi'tance  in  this  region  was  a  I 
Deshasheh,  which  is  n  moih'rn  village  about 
eighty  miles  south  of  Cairo  on  the  westei-n  edge 
of  the  plain.  Ilei'e  1  hought  ten  thousand  bricks 
and  left  a  lad  to  run  upnurhuts.  On  retui'uing 
four  days  later  with  my  baggage  from  riehnesa, 
I  foiuid  them  all  bnilt  and  wc  settled  in,  upon  a 
sand  duiH^  bordering  the  Bahr  Ynsuf  at  the 
little  Arab  handet  of  I'h'  Righa. 

(2.)  'i'he  desert  here  runs  back  in  a  plain, 
gently  rising  from  the  cultivated  land  for  ahont 
two  miles,  up  to  the  foot  of  the  jjlateau  of  lime- 
stone, which  here  rises  about  eighty  feet.  The 
tondjs  are  all  cut  in  the  edge  of  the  plateau,  and 
extend  over  about  half  a  mile  ([)1.  i.).  Thcic 
arc  many  varieties  of  form  ;  mastabas  with 
deep  j)its,  i-ock-hewn  chapels  with  deep  pits, 
chambei's  with  passages  sloping  into  the  hill-side, 
pits  alone  with   tond)-cliand)er  below,  loni^-  jijts. 


lor  lowering  a  collin  hoi-i/ontalK'  \\'ilh  a  I'ecess 
at  the  side  lielow,  jiit-  "with  bodie-:  King  ill  them 
boxed  o\'ei'  Willi  slalis,  long  pits  with  bones 
K'ing  in  them  open,  and  nna-e  crack-;  in  (he  rock 
containing  boiies  hea|ied  together. 

All  of  these  are  inteniiingled  in  one  cemetei'v, 
and  IVoiii  the  potters'  and  style  of  burial  appear 
to  be  all  of  one  ;ige,  the  \'th  Dviiastw  A  lew 
j  secondarv  burials  of  the  .W'lllth  Dvnastvwere 
I  found  ;  in  one  case  in  a  rock  chamber,  in  two 
other  cases  half-wav  down  a.  d('e[)  pit.  In 
Konian  times  maiiv  of  these;  tombs  bad  been 
re-used,  and  contained  from  half-a-dozen  up 
to  twenty  bodies.  These  mummies  were  all 
i  bandaged  with  narrow  crossing  strij)es  outside, 
in  the  usual  stvle  of  the  I'nd  century  A. D.  ;  non(^ 
of  them  had  anv  ornaments  or  portraits.  In 
some  eases  the  bones  of  the  original  possessoi',  or 
only  the  skull,  were  placed  carefully  on  one  side 
of  the  chamber,  distinguishable  by  their  wdute- 
mv-!s  fi'ijinthe  Roman  bones  ;  in  otlier cases  they 
seiimed  to  have  been  removed  befor(>  the  Roman 
interments.  The  detailed  description  of  these 
minor  tombs  occupies  here  ( 'haptei's  IV.  and  Y. 
One  main  woi'k  at  Deshasheh  was  the  copying 
of  the  sculptured  tombs.  Two  tombs  had  been 
cleared,  and  locke<l  up  bv  the  Dc})artment  of 
Anticpiities  ;  and  a  lower  facade  of  one  of  these 
\vas  fnrther  found  in  in\'  exca\'ations,  which 
showed  two  new  subjects — a  pyramid  and  its 
tem|)le,  and  boatmen  with  raised  oars.  The 
copyingwas  doiii'  full  si/.e,  and  amounted  tolTjO 
feet  in  length,  tive  feet  high. 

Tiu!  i)osition  of  the  town  to  which  this 
cemeteiy  Ixdonged  is  not  yet  known.  The 
causeway  down  the  hill  IVom  Shedu's  tomh 
points  to  n  site,  of  ruins  in  tlu;  plain,  about  a, 
mile  froni  the  desert;  but  this  site  is  entirely 
boman,  and  not  (devated  aJiove  the  i)resent  land. 
It  might,  howcA'er,  cover  an  early  site  which  Avas 
formerly  on  the  desert  edge,  and  has  since  been 
covei'ed  and  sun-oiinded  with  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet  of  Nile  deposits.  Ibit  on  the  other 
hand   two  untinished   graves  were    ioiuid,  each 


INTRO  DUCTTOy.  3 

contaiiiin,^  n,  stock   n\'  mnllcts,  diisds,  liaskcts,  to    tlic    close    of  Inisiuoss   nfter   I   left,  aiul   in 

cord,  etc.,  used  by  the  WMrkiiien  f,,r  ex.-ivatiiio-  \  H'l'iting- the  account  giveu  here  of  the  Bnhsnnuni 

the  yravel.      Ila.l  the  town  heeii  near  the  ceini-  |  cemetery.     In  the  inkin-  in  of  the  di-awings  [ 

tery  the  men  wonld    n.-t   hav,^   lelt   their   tools  '  ha,ve   to   thank   Miss  Hilda   U'rlni,  and  also  Mr. 

behind,  and  if  left  by  chance,  they  would   have  IlerJKsrt  Thompson    in    the' restoration    of   the 

fetched   them;    it  rather  appears  that  the  town  ,  lists  of  ollerin-s.  and    Dr.   AValker.     Th<>  laroer 

was  so  far  away  (pmbably  l)y  the  Nile,  aJ)()nt  l<:i  [diotonraphs    are   due   to   tlie  skill  of  Mr.  Fi-mik 

Ealanka)  that  each   day  they  hardly  thoii-ht   il  Ilaes.      And  1  ha.ve  tu  thank  l)wthMr.  Hunt  and 

worth  while  to  go  np  to  fetch  the  property.  :  Mr.    Gcere    for    nieasnrin-    a    lar_i4-c  nund)cr  of 

In    the   Avork   on   the   si)ot  Mr.   II.   A\  Cicere  |  lloman    skulls.     Thus    a-'ain    )ny"''friends    have 

assisted   me  by  doing  the  survey,  and  attending  !  shared  and  lightened  my  work. 


T)i:,STTASnRTI. 


CHAPTEE    I. 


THE     TOMB    OF    ANTA, 


(3.)  T\\h  tomb  is  the  more  important  of 
the  two  bearing  sculptures  at  Dcsliasbeb.  Tlic 
position  of  it  is  the  l:)cst  in  the  whole  cemetery 
(sec  pis.  i.,  u.),  occupying-  the  brow  of  a  striking 
isolated  liill  at  the  south  end  of  the  plateau 
edo-c.  It  is  oliviously  the  first  site  to  1)0  taken 
in  the  district :  and  botli  the  sculptun'd  touib 
of  Shedu,  and  the  destroyed  inastaba  of 
Nenkheftka — whence  the  statues  come — ai-e  far 
inferior  in  position.  The  execution  of  it  is 
also  larger,  bolder,  and  apparently  earlier  than 
that  of  Shedu.  It  seems  very  probable  that  the 
tombs  were  executed  in  successive  order  from 
south  to  north,  and  so  the  sequence  of  the 
more  important  is,  (1)  Anta,  (2)  Nenkheftka, 
(3)  Shedu.  Now  in  the  tomb  of  Sliedu  we  find 
(pi.  xviii.)  a  sou  named  Tetakhu,  belonging 
therefore  to  the  first  reign  of  the  Vlth  Dynasty. 
Nenkheftka  and  his  son  Ncnkheftek  might  then 
probably  belong  to  the  latter  half  of  the  Vth 
Dynasty.  And  at  Saq(|ara  is  a  tond)  of  another 
Nenkheftka  and  his  son  Nenkheftek  ;  these 
cannot  be  the  same  as  the  two  of  Deshasheh, 
as  the  wife  of  the  elder  is  Neferhoteps  at 
Saqqara,  and  Nefcrseshems  at  Deshasheh. 
Proljably  thcrefoi'C  tlic  Saqqara  men  ai'e  the 
two  generations  before  the  Deshasheh  men,  as 
the  royal  names  in  their  tomb  arc  of  Userkaf 
and  Sahura,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Vth 
Dynasty.  These  relationships  of  this  family 
are  the  more  likely  as  Nenkhcftek's  nrfer  name 
is  Thy  ;  and  Thy  of  Saqqara  was  in  the  second 
genei'ation  below  Nenkheftka  there,  as  seen  in 
the  descent  of  property  (Miss  Murray,  in  J'roc. 
Soc.  nih.  AycJi.,x\u.2AA).  Lastly,  it  is  probable 
that  Anta  preceded  Nenkheftka,  by  the  position 


of  his  tomb,  and  therefore  he  belongs  to  the 
middle  of  the  Vth  Dynasty. 

'i'o  resume  in  historic  order,  using  provision- 
ally the  dating  Avhich  I  have  given  in  my 
history,  so  as  to  see  the  relation  of  the 
o;enerations  : 


Nenklieftka  of  Saqc^ara, 

Nenkheftek  of  Saqqai'a, 

Anta  of  Deshasheh, 
iVeidcheftka  of  Deshasheh 


about  3G70  u.r., 

or  later. 
about  3(M0  B.C., 

or  later, 
about  3(100  B.C. 
about  3570  B.C. 
Nenkheftek-Thy  of  Deshasheh,  about  3540  r.c. 
(Thy  of  Saqqara  being  about  3500  n.c.) 

Shedu  of  Deshasheh,  about  3500  n.c. 

These  dates  are  roughly  the  central  datc^ 
of  each  life.  The  subjects  and  style  of  the 
Deshasheh  tombs  agree  entirely  with  those  of 
the  same  age  at  Saqqara. 

(4.)  The  tomb-chamber  of  Anta  is  cut  just 
behnv  the  top  of  the  isolated  hill,  at  the  south 
end  of  the  cenietery.  Only  sufficient  thickness 
of  limestone  to  form  the  roof  is  left  above  it. 
Outside  of  it  there  was  originally  a  sloping  face 
of  ))uilt  blocks  of  limestone,  slightly  sunk  ;  this 
doubtless  had  originally  a  band  of  inscription 
aljove  the  doorway,  and  perhaps  scenes  in  relief 
upon  it,  as  upon  tiie  rock-cut  facade  of  Shedu. 
Of  this  front  only  the  foundation  remains,  just 
showing  the  projection  at  each  end  which  gave 
the  sunken  effect  to  it,  and  the  further  recess 
in  which  the  doorway  was  placed.  Before  the 
facade  tlic  ground  was  all  artificially  raised  by 
a  bed  of  stone  chips  al)Out  three  feet  thick,  from 
which  two  or  three  steps  led  down  to  the  door. 


TITH    TOMB    OF    ANTA. 


In  this  chip  phitl'nrni,  a  little  in  front  of  tlic 
door,  and  on  the  north  side  of  the  path,  a  jar 
was  sunk  with  its  mouth  level  with  the  surftice 
(pi.  xxxiii.  20).  This  Avas  probably  to  receive 
the  drink-otterings  made  licfore  the  tomb. 

The  sculptured  chamber  of  the  tomlj  was 
entirely  in  the  rock,  excepting  part  oftiie  top  of 
the  front,  Avhich  may  have  been  built  u])  \vith 
blocks.  This  part  has  now  been  restored  \vith 
stones  and  cement  by  the  Government ;  and  a, 
wooden  roof  has  been  supplied  in  place  of  a 
part  of  the  front  edge  of  the  roof  which  had 
fallen  away.  The  chamber  is  divided  across  the 
middle  by  three  pillars  ;  these  ^verc  not  left  in 
the  rock,  but  were  cut  and  put  in  place.  Two 
of  the  three  have  been  overthrown,  and  used  by 
the  Copts  for  making  divisions.  The  back  (W.) 
of  the  chamber  has  three  recesses ;  on  the 
south  of  the  back  is  a  d(;orway,  opening  into  a 
small  rough  chaml)er  with  two  niches  ;  on  the 
north  is  another  doorway  opening  into  a  rough 
chamber  with  two  wide  recesses  and  one 
narrower  ;  these  chambers  were  pi'obably  the 
.scrJahs  for  the  funeral  statues  of  Anta  and 
]\Iinmert  respectively.  In  the  inidst  of  the 
back  is  the  wide  recess  with  sculptures  around 
it.     The  back  of  this  r 


eccss  lias  n"-ares  ol 


Anta. 


and  his  wife,  tables  and  lists  of  offerings,  and 


organic  matter,  it  clearly  belonged  to  the 
primary  interment,  I'athcr  than  to  any  secondary 
burial  in  the  Roman  re-use  oi'  the  tombs.  It 
may  be  taken  then  as  the  head  of  Anta  ;  and 
it  is  one  of  the  most  noble  faces  that  has  ever 
been  ibiuid  among  Egyptian  skulls.  The  fine 
breadth  of  it,  the  width  between  the  eyes,  the 
splendidly  developed  facial  bones,  and  the 
uprightness  of  the  teeth  and  the  jaw  profile, 
l)lace  it  as  above  most  other  faces  that  I  have 
seen  for  the  expression  of  aljility  and  character 
(see  pi.  xxxvi.,  top). 

(5.)  The  sculptures  on  the  sides  of  the  upper 
cluuuber  comprise  many  new  subjects,  and  some 
of  the  greatest  interest. 

I'l.  iV.  N.  half  of  E.  wall.  This  shows  scenes 
from  a  Avar  between  the.Egyptiaus  and  a  peo|)le 
of  north  Arabia  or  southern  Palestine.  The 
hair  and  top  lock  is  like  that  of  the  ]\Ienti-Satet 
on  the  gold  pectoral  of  Ameneinhat  III.,  or 
more  closely  that  on  the  scene  of  Tepi 
{IJfiiliiialcr,  ii.  I  IC).  Unhappily  the  inscription 
is  so  much  lost  by  the  ruin  of  the  top  and  the 
scaling  of  the  bottom,  that  I  could  not  recover 
more  than  is  drawn  here.  It  is  coarsely  blocked 
out  in  relief  Possibly  there  may  be  place- 
names  in  the  last  column  but  one,  determined 
by  outlines  of  forts  containing  an  enemy.     If 


figures  of  dishes  and  vases.     In  the  lower  part     so,  the  onlv  legible  name  Avould  be  Nahia.    This 


two  blocks  were  inserted,  which  have  since  l)een 


is  otherwise  unknown,  and  the  only  name  in 


torn  out,  and  lie  in  the  chamber.  These  gave  i  Ptolenay  that  could  correspond  would  beAuitha, 
access  to  a  passage  which  led  doAvn^vard  to  the  '  about  the  position  of  Es  Salt,  east  of  the  Jordan, 
sepulchral  chamber;  but  another  access  was  This  is  hardly  likely,  but  there  seems  no  lietter 
provided— probably  later  and  accidental— by  a  possibility.  The  second  name  begins  Avith  Un, 
large  pit  sunk  from  the  top  of  the  hill,  doAvii  on     or  Hi ii,  a  spring.     I  cleared  aAvay  all  the  loose 

rubbish  far  in  front  of  this  tomb,  in  hopes  of 
finding  some  blocks  Avitli  more  of  the  inscription, 
but  in  A'ain. 

The  war  scenes  are  the  most  .spirited  and 
dramatic  that  remain  to  us,  as  well  as  being  the 
earliest.  Unhappily  the  wall  has  been  a  good 
deal  injured  in  general,  besides  being  entirely 
destroyed  in  parts  Avhere  recesses  have  been  cut 


the  south  of  the  passage.  The  first  chamber 
reached,  by  a  sloping  j^fissage,  is  large  and 
plain  ;  out  of  the  south  end  of  it  a  doorway 
leads  to  a  second  chamber.  In  the  second 
chamber  is  a  depression  in  the  floor  for  a  coHin, 
in  the  south-Avcst  corner,  lyiuir  ^vith  leii"th 
N.  to  S.,  like  all  burials  here.  In  this  hollow 
Avas  found  only  a  skull  and  jaAv.     From  the  con- 


dition of  the  skull,  its  whiteness  and  absence  of  j  by   the   Coptic   dwellers    in    the    tomb.     These 


i)i:siiAsiii':ii. 


iiijiirics  ]iiiv(;  ]v.\'t  iiiniiy  sulijt'cts  vory  iin|)C-iTcct ; 
and  it  liccaiiK!  a  serious  i|iit'sti(iii  Iidw  I'ar  dotted 
completions  should  1)0  curriiMl  out.  'riic  lade 
adopted  was  that  every  detail  about  wliicli  there 
eould  not  vcasonahly  he  any  uncertainty  should 
he  dotted  in.  By  dottin,n'  the  restored  lines  no 
ipiestiun  can  arise  as  to  whether  the  line  dept'uds 
on  actual  remains  or  on  presumptiun  ;  and  it 
such  continuations  wc^re  not  inserted  it  would 
be  impossible  for  anyone,  however  familiar  with 
such  subjects,  to  nndei'stand  sinne  pai'ts  cleaiiv. 
To  take  an  extreme  case  here,  noti'  in  pi.  iv., 
middle  sc(_Mie  in  the  town  enclnsui'c  at  the  i'iL;iit 
hand,  where  two  women  are  IVircin^'  dnwn  a 
man.  Of  one  woman  onl\^  a,  Inrearm  and  elbow 
remain;  this  shows  the  place  of  one  shoulder; 
she  must  face  the  other  woman  in  order  to  art, 
hence  the  other  shoulder  is  fixed  ;  her  head 
must  lean  forwai'd  for  such  an  action  as  thrust- 
in^LT,  and  her  other  arm  could  not  he  fai'  back  or 
it  woidd  cut  the  h^'iu'es  behind  it;  so— with 
some  doid)t  |)erha])s  on  this  last  point — the  arm 
is  [jlaced  whei-e  pressni'C  is  certainly  needed  in 
the  group,  on  the  man's  head.  This  is  an 
extreme  case,  yet  it  is  hardly  possible  even  here 
to  suppose  an\'  other  ari'an^ement  than  thai 
<,n\-en.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to(lc;d  with 
many  nuitilated  ligures,  whei'e  thei'e  was  no 
suflicient  clue  to  the  action. 

Considerinir  now  the  scenes  represented.     In 
pi.    iv.    in  the   middle   is  a  scene   in   four   lines. 
At  the  top   are  parts  oi'  four   l'',i!yptiaii   archers 
advancing    to    attack   the    town   shown   on    the 
ri;rht.     Below   them   are  two  lines  of  tlu;  li"ht 
between     the    Egyptians    armed    with    shallow 
battle-axes  and  the  Sati  armed  with  clubs.     It 
is   clear    that   the    archers   have    preceded    the 
■im'luc,  as  the  Sati  have  many  arrows  sticking  in 
them.     The  combats  are  full   of  action,  and  far 
superior  in  design  to  tlie  stiil'  siege  scenes  of  the 
Xlltli  Dynasty  at  Beni  Hasan,  in  the  tombs  of 
Ameny,  Batjt  Iff.,  and  i\hotv  ;   and  though  less 
imposing    than    the    mtjnster    battle    scenes    ol' 
Sety  I.  and  Rainessu  il.,  yet  this  wall  shows  as 


nnu'h  in\cnt  ion  and  more  detail  of  action.  The 
breakingof  (lie  bow  was  the  token  of  sulimission 
by  the  Sali,  as  a|)[)ears  here  in  two  cases.  In 
the  lowest  stage'  the  captives  ai'e  l)eing  led  off 
the  ti eld,  roped  together,  'i'lie  attitmle  of  the 
lit.tle  bov  in  IVont,  led  \>y  the  woman,  is  t'x- 
cellent  ;  and  ;it-  Ihi;  I'ear  is  the  spirited  gi'oup 
of  the  h,g\'ptia.n  guard,  who  has  cajit-ured  a  girl 
and  tJn'own  hei'  o\'ei'  his  shoulder,  Avhile  she 
e\identl\'  fears  I'alling  oil'  more  than  anything, 
and  IS  holdinn-  nn  b\'  an  arm  o\'er  his  head. 

(6.)  At  the  right  liand  of  the  scene  is  the 
foi-tilied  enclosure  of  the  towi:  of  the  Sati.  The 
men  ha\'e  nearly  all  conu'  out  to  light  in  the 
open,  and  hardly  anvbnt  \vomen  remain  behind. 
At  the  liase  are  two  I']g\'ptians  outside  the  fort, 
mining  the  brick  wall  Avith  long  pikes,  ^vhile  an 
ollicei' stan<ls  hy  with  his  battle-axe  in  his  girdle, 
leaning  on  a,  stall'.  Inside  the  waW  a,  man  of  the 
Sati  kneels  doAvn  listening  to  the  ground,  to 
(h'tcct  whei'e  the  attack  can  be  heai'd  ;  while 
anotlier  stands  behind  him  as  a  messenger, 
submissively  silent,  hushed  by  the  Avaruing 
hand  upraised  by  the  listener.  This  was  the 
I'^gyptian  attack  ;  Ijut  a.  diU'erent  attack  had 
been  made  bva  j)art\' of  Ijedawi  auxiliaries,  \vho 
seemed  to  lia\'e  swarmed  up  a  ladder  Avhich 
leans  against  the  fort,  and  to  have  tried  to  raid 
the  town.  The  Sati  women,  however',  took  good 
account  of  them.  Iil  the  top  line  one  woman 
stabs  a  Bedawi  to  the  heart ;  another  woman 
and  a  little  boy  comi)L'l  the  surivuder  of  anotlier, 
Avho  breaks  his  bow.  On  the  second  line  is  the 
scene  in  the  palace  of  the  chief;  he  is  seated  on 
his  throne,  before  him  kneels  a  Avoman,  another 
stands  tearing  her  hair,  and  an  infirm  old  mau 
and  a  little  infant  join  the  deputation,  which  has 
come  to  tell  the  chief  of  the  loss  of  the  town, 
lie  tears  his  hair,  as  he  sits  hearing  the  news. 
At  the  entrance  to  the  ])resence  a  Bedawi  tries 
to  thrust  himself  in,  but  is  bravely  driven  back 
by  a  Sati  woman.  The  two  upright  lines  here 
seem  to  n)ark  an  entrance  ;  but  the  meaning  is 
obscure,  OAving  to  the  loss  of  the  upper  part.     On 


TUl'J    TUiMI!    OF    AM'A. 


tliu  third  lint'  inv  Iwu  gruups  Avlioro  ;i  Urdawi 
is  being  suIxUkmI  l)y  two  Sati  woiiicu.  The 
lourth  line  has  liud  simihir  srenes,  of  Avliich  one 
sliows  huw  a.  Sati  woiijan  has  suceesslully  got 
behind  a  Ijedawi  and  higged  Iiiiu  over  by  tlie 
anupits.  And  at  tlie  base  are  the  t\vo  men 
listening  for  the  mining,  a  woman,  and  a  slain 
Bedawi  lying  on  the  ground. 

(7.)  1*1.  V.  The  top  line  shows  the  trap- 
ping of  birds  in  a.  net.  The  second  line  the 
pulling  of  papyrns  in  the  marshes,  carrying  the 
bundles  of  it,  axid  Imilding  the  papyrus  Ijoats. 
Coils  of  papyrus  rope  have  been  twisted  by  the 
boy  sitting  beloAv  the  boat,  aud  are  lying  about 
on  the  ground  beyond  the  boat.  The  third  line 
shows  the  birth  of  a  calf,  suckling,  and  milking 
of  cows.  And  a.t  the  base  arc  the  fishers  dra"-- 
ging  a  net,  one  pa,rty  in  a  Ijoat  and  others  on 
shore.  A  dwarf  on  the  boat  is  usiu"-  a  slin"- 
Such  a  -w^orking  of  a  large  net  Ijy  two  parties  is 
usual  now.  Two  other  lishers  carry  off  three 
large  iish,  hanging  from  an  oar,  to  the  drying 
ground,  Avhere  they  are  split  and  cured  in  the 
sun.  This  plate  is  the  end  Avail,  Avliich  is  not 
divided  liy  any  i)ilaster  opposite  the  line  of 
cohunns  as  in  Shedu's  tomb. 

(8.)  PL  A^r.  This  scene  is  on  the  Avest 
wall  between  the  door  in  the  N.W.  corner  and 
the  great  niiddle  recess.  The  boatmen  on  shore 
are  carrying  rope  and  an  oar.  (Jn  the  boat  Ave 
see  Anta  himself  standing  in  front  of  his  caJ)in, 
with  his  titles  in  full,  "  Iloyal  acquaintance, 
overseer  of  distribution  (of  offerings  ?),  overseer 
of  royal  monuments,  ruler  of  a  fortress,  leader  of 
the  land,  de\-oted  to  his  lord,  Anta."  Three  (if 
his  servants  arc  belVjre  him,  named  Demez,  Apa., 
and  An-nefer  ;  Avliile  at  the  stern  is  the  over- 
seer of  the  /•(/  servants,  and  two  others  named 
....  su  and  Khyt.  The  boat  is  of  the  t}'pe 
usual  in  tomb  sculptures  of  this  dynasty  ;  the 
mats  spread  for  sitting  on,  a,t  the  Iioavs  a,nd 
behind  the  cabin,  should  be  noted. 

(9.)  i'l.  VIL  Here  Anta  and  Minmert 
are    standing,    Avith    a   long    inscription    before 


them  in  Avhich  Auta  recounts  Avhat  he  has  done 
i'or  his  toinli. 

PI.  VIII.  The  back  of  the  recess  has  been 
much  destroy(Hl  by  the  oiiening  up  of  the 
passage  leading  through  the  loAvcr  part  of  it  to 
the  sepulchre  behind.  It  had  in  the  upper  part 
figures  of  Anta  and  his  Avife  Miiunert,  seated 
A\'ith  tables  of  otierings  before  them,  aud  a  list  of 
offerings.  BeloAv  Avere  two  lines  of  vases  and 
dishes  of  offerings.  Of  this  part  two  large  Iffocks 
hav(!  I)een  removed  and  lie  in  the  tomb  ;  their 
positions  as  drawn  here  are  fi.xed,  at  the  right 
hand  by  the  A'ertical  dividing-line — Avhich  Avas 
l)robably  under  the  division  of  the  top  inscription 
of  the  husl)and  and  Avife,— and  at  the  middle  by 
the  largest  stand  being  probably  in  the  middle 
oi'  the  husliand's  group.  The  levels  are  iixed  by 
the  continuation  of  the  horizontal  line. 

PI.  IX.  On  the  southern  side  of  the  recess 
are  tigures  of  Anta  and  Minmert  standing.  The 
hices  have  been  much  bashed  about,  yet  the 
outlines  can  be  tract'd.  Before  them  are  six 
children,  sons  and  daughters  alternately  as  it 
seems.  And  in  front  is  another  girl,  Avho  is 
na.med  a  Ptoyal  Acijuaintance  in  each  scene: 
1)1.  ix.  here,  pi.  x.,  and  pi.  xii.  In  pis.  ix.  and 
X.  the  name  seems  to  be  the  same,  Sit-kaic;  as 
this  gill  is  not  stated  to  I)e  "  his  daughter,  his 
beloved,"  a.s  is  usual  in  the  case  of  a  child,  it 
rather  seems  as  if  she  Avere  some  other  relatiA'e. 
Possibly  the  first  sign  in  the  name,  pi.  ix.,  is 
.«'//,.  and  she  maybe  a  younger  sister  of  Anta. 
The  fragmentary  name  on  pi.  xii.  cannot  agree  to 
this,  and  seems  as  if  it  Avere  of  a  different  person. 
The  servants  below  are  offering  incense,  leadinir 
a  very  large  hyaena,  a,ud  carrying  a  crane.  The 
rest  of  the  A\'all  has  been  cut  aAvay  by  two  lar"'e 
recesses  cut  by  the  Cojjtic  inhaliitants. 

(10.)  PI.  .\.  This  is  between  the  recess 
and  the  soutliern  doorway  to  a  scrdab.  A 
recess  has  beiui  cut  out  through  the  figure  of 
Minmert.  Anta  is  here  in  his  jjriestly  charactej- 
Avith  the  panther's  skin  ;  and  both  he  and 
Minmert  Avear  elaborate  sandals. 


nESllASHEH. 


PL  XL  This  naiTOW  slip  of  \vall  is  soutli  oi" 
the  scrdab  dooi-.  It  has  the  oiyx,  ibex,  addax, 
and  bull,  all  kept  as  tamed  animals.  On  the 
■flank  of  the  bull  is  a  label  or  brand  with  the 
number  113. 

I'l.  XII.  The  south  wall  is  contiiuious  across 
the  tomb,  and  uidiroken  by  anv  pilaster,  such 
as  is  in  the  toiid)  ol"  Shedn.  Here  Anta  and 
j\Iinmert  are  seeinc^  the  festivities,  and  the 
cutting  up  of  the  cattle  for  the  feast.  The 
dancers  show  several  postures  not  represented 
elsewhere.  It  has  been  necessary  to  fdl  up  tlie 
scattered  frap-mcnts  of  figures  which  remain  on 
the  wall,  by  repeating  the  poi'tions  of  the  similar 
figures,  and  connecting  them  together.  Were 
it  not  for  the  repetitions,  each  of  Avhicli  gave 
difl'erent  fragments  of  the  figure,  it  would  have 
been  impossible  to  complete  this  wall,  for  at 
lirst  sight  it  looks  a  mere  battered  surface. 
Some  few  jinrts  could  nut  1)0  determined,  such 
as  the  hands,  and  the  bearing  leg  of  the  posture 
at  the  right  end  of  the  to])  line.  The  figures 
which  are  in  isolated  attitudes,  as  at  each  end 
of  the  top  line,  could  not  be  completed.  The 
wands  borne,  sometimes  in  one  hand,  sometimes 
in  both  hands,  are  of  a  new  type,  curved  wooden 
sticks  ending  in  a  brad  of  a  gazelle.  In  the 
third  line  a  large  part  has  been  entirely 
destroyed  by  the  Copts  in  their  cutting  a  large 
recess.  The  grou})  of  harper  and  singers  remains 
in  lair  state,  and  is  one  of  the  best  carvings  in 
the  place.  At  the  base  is  the  draii-^'infr  down  of 
the  sacrificial  ox  by  the  sons  of  Anta,  and  the 
cutting  up  of  the  oxen. 

(11.)  PI.  Xni.  At  the  south  side  of  the 
doorway  are  the  seated  figures  of  Anta  and 
Minmert,  almost  destroyed  by  the  cutting  out 


of  a  large  recess,  Avhile  another  recess  occupies 
much  of  the  rest  of  the  wall.  They  were  seated 
beholding  the  various  workmen  of  their  estate. 
In  the  upper  line  the  painters  are  working  on  a 
part  of  the  funeral  furniture;  a  sculptor' is 
polishing  a  statue  ;  ami  ap[)arently  a  l)oat  is 
being  prepared.  In  the  middle  line  comes  the 
huntsman  with  the  dogs.  Ami  at  the  l>ottom, 
stands  the  scribe  Messis  (?)  holding  the  roll  of 
the  estate  register,  Avith  his  writing  palette 
under  his  arm,  and  pens  behind  his  car. 
Baskets  of  papyri  tied  round  Avith  cords  stand 
Ijeyond  him.  Following  him  is  a  man  liolding 
a  large  cloth,  and  another  with  a  sack  of  cloth- 
ing and  a  pair  of  sandals.  Two  dwarfs  have 
charge  of  the  ornaments,  such  as  bead  collars. 
At  the  end  are  coppersmiths,  one  man  burnishing 
a  vase,  the  other  weighing  a  bowl,  with  a 
liatchet  and  two  chisels  behind  him.  This 
shows  that  the  hatchet  scolloped  out  at  the 
liaiidle  was  already  in  use.  Below  are  three 
sandal-makers,  and  two  men  holding  a  sack. 

PI.  XIV.  Lastly,  the  pillars  Avhich  supported 
the  roof  were  also  carved,  but  very  rudely, 
apparently  by  Iiammer  Avork,  to  judge  by  the 
rounded  forms.  The  figures  are  clumsy,  made 
like  those  at  Aswan,  and  are  evidently  by 
hands  totally  ditlerent  J'roiii  those  Avhich  did  the 
fiiic  and  spirited  drawings  on  the  Avails.  Three 
sides  of  the  standing  pillar  are  here  shown  ;  the 
fourth  is  of  the  same  kind,  as  also  are  the  over- 
thrown pieces  of  the  other  pillars  Avhicli  lie  in  the 
tomb.  Some  of  the  pieces  ha\^e  been  stacked  to 
form  a  dividing  wall,  by  the  (Joptic  inhabitants 
of  the  tomb,  Avho  smashed  the  sculptures,  daubed 
pious  graffiti  in  red  upon  the  Avails,  and  ])lastered 
much  over  with  mud  and  filth. 


CHAPTEll   II. 


THE    TOMB     OF     SHEDU. 


(12.)  This  tmnli  is  of  very  unusual  ibrui. 
Ill  place  of  having  a  sculi)turc'd  front  to  the 
chamljcr,  the  cntranee  is  in  a,  laeade  at  a  lower 
level  ou  the  hill-side,  and  rises  by  a  flight  of 
steps  to  the  higher  level  of  the  chamber  (pi. 
iii. ) .  The  facade  had  a  rock  roof  projecting  over 
it,  supported  by  two  pillars,  and  a  Avidc  court 
before  it.  Rising  to  the  chamber  level  through 
a  passage  lined  with  sculpture  and  inscriptions, 
the  sculptured  chamber  is  reached,  divided  in 
two  by  a  row  of  three  pillars  and  two  pilasters 
across  it  from  side  to  side.  All  of  these  pillars 
have  been  cut  away  for  stone.  There  is  the 
usual  recess  for  a  false  door  in  the  western  side ; 
and  to  the  south  of  that  is  the  srrdub  chamber. 
The  floor  of  the  recess  is  mostly  occupied  with 
the  pit  leading  down  to  the  sepulchral  chamber. 
This  pit  under-cuts  the  south  side  of  the  recess, 
and  a  narrow  little  hole  is  pierced  through  the 
rock  to  a  niche  cut  in  the  scrdah  cha.ml)er. 
Thus  alter  the  pit  was  floored  over  by  beams, 
the  holes  for  which  remain,  there  would  still  lie 
an  ojiening  into  it  from  the  ^e.rdah  chamber. 
And  from  the  serdab  a  nari'ow  cutting  led  up  to 
the  o})eu  air  through  the  rock  roof.  Thus  the 
ha.  would  find  no  obstruction  iu  flying  down  into 
the  sepulchre,  visiting  the  statues  in  the  serdab, 
or  gaining  the  outer  air. 

(13.)  PI.  XV.  This  Avail  had  the  figure  of 
Ateta,  suruamed  Shcdu,  standing  and  beholding 
his  estate.  The  toi)  line  is  entirely  destroyed  by 
the  falling  in  of  the  top  and  roof.  The  second 
line  shows  the  fowleis  Avorking  a  clap-net,  and 
bringing  up  the  l)irds  Avhich  have  been  caught. 
In  the  third  line  are  goats  l)roAVsing  on  two 
trees  ;    and  a  herd  of  another  species.     At  the 


base  is  the  riA'cr  Avith  a,  herd  of  cattle  crosshig, 
led  by  three  men  in  a.  boat.  Unhappily  this 
Avail  is  much  cut  to  iiieces  Avith  large  recesses 
made  by  the  Copts;  and  two  long  Coptic 
scraAvls  arc  scratched  on  the  clearest  surfaces. 

IT.  XVI.  Half  of  the  end  Avall  up  to  the 
pilaster  shoAVS  Shcdu  beholding  his  vineyard. 
Above  are  offerings,  some  placed  on  a  tal)le. 
BeloAV  is  the  la,rge  vine  on  props.  Avith  tbree 
men  picking  the  clusters.  The  next  st'cne 
should  be  putting  the  Avine  in  jars,  but  it  is  too 
!  much  destroyed  to  be  understood.     At  the  base 

is  the  storing  of  the  Avine  in  jars. 
I  ri.  XVII.  Ou  the  other  half  of  the  end  wall 
I  is  Shedu  beholding  his  l-a  priests.  A  pile  of 
otlerings  fills  the  top,  placed  upon  stands  and 
tables;  and  beloAV  are  three  roAVs  of  priests 
bearing  jars,  palm-spathes,  lotus  Hoavcu's,  a  calf, 
ears  of  corn,  ducks,  loaves  of  bread,  l\:i'.  llclwrc 
Shedu  is  his  sister;  but  her  na,iiie  has  been 
completely  erased. 

(14.)  I'l.  XVIll.  To  the  north  of  the 
recess,  ou  the  Avest  Avall,  is  Shedu  Ijcholdiug  liis 
cattle.  At  the  top  we  have  the  scribe  of  the 
estate  Avriting  the  accounts,  and  tables  ol' 
offerings  behind  him.  BeloAv  are  the  cattle 
breeding,  and  milking;  the  determinative  of  a 
stream  of  milk  iu  the  hieroglyphs  is  perliajis  a, 
new  sign.  In  the  third  line  are  other  cattle, 
two  bulls  lighting,  and  half-a-dozen  calves. 
At  the  base  is  a  scene  of  Ijinding  the  ux  for 
sacrifice.  This  is  an  important  example,  as  it 
shows  that  the  small  figures  usually  seen  drag- 
o-ing  doAvn  the  great  sacrificial  ox  are  the  sons 
of  the  man.  At  the  front  is  one  named  "  his 
son  Khan-sebek,"   and  another  named   "  Khu- 


10 


DKSIIASniMl. 


'IV'ta";  fliis  l)('ini^-  cunipoiiiiiliMl  with  ;i  kind's 
iijimc  is  ])i-ul)al(lv  alsu  a  son  (jI'  the  iii>l)k'.  Tlie 
otlu'i"  liDys  arc  tlifi'i'lnrc  pn'siiiiiaMy  also  of  tlic 
I'aiuily  ;  and  this  pdiiits  to  thu  capture  (if  (he 
sacrifice  1)\'  the  sons  hcini:;  a  iicci'ssar\'  pai't  of 
the  ritual  (if  ancestral  worship.  The  man  who 
is  lielpini:;  at  the  hack  shows  1>\'  his  size  the 
youth  ot  the  sons.  A  verv  small  hull  hehind 
scorns  as  if  it  l)elon;;v(l  to  a  dillerent  hreed  of 
diminutive  c;rttle  ;  it  is  evidently  full  i;rown,  hy 
its  [)i'oportions  in  oonipai'ison  \vith  those  of  the 
calves  in  tlic  line  ahove.  A  still  i^i'eater  dif- 
lercnce  of  size  in  ln-eeds  mav  he  seen  in  Indian 
cattle,  as  shown  in  Kiplin_i;"s  ''Man  and  Beast 
in  India." 

(15.)  I'l.  XIX.  The  nni-th  side  of  tlu' 
recess  (marked  here  in  ei'i'or  S.  wall  ofrect'ss)  is 
nearly  all  destroyed  ;  hut  a  small  piece  in  relief 
slioAVs  the  name  of  Shedu,  with  the  hest  (example 
of  the  determinative,  a  water-skin  ;  the  lon.u' 
neck  t(j  the  left,  the  heltfor  slinu-inii'  it  over  the 
shonldei',  and  tin.'  sa.Li"  of  the  skin  sluni^-  IVom  tin' 
helt,  are  just  like  the  modern  Avater-skin  carried 
ahout  Cairo  at  present.  Below  that  comes 
the  name  of  his  mother,  ?ilertefs,  which  also 
occurs  on  pi.  xvi.,  and  has  heen  elsewhere 
carved. 

The  |)ilaster  inscriptions  show  the  same  titles 
that  are  seen  elscwheri!,  and  a  hit  of  the  irronp 
seen  on  flic  statues  of  Nenkheltka  (i)l.  xxxiii.  27). 

The  hack  of  the  recess  had  a  ialse  door 
scul])tured  on  it,  flanked  hy  lii^ures  of  jars  of 
offerin;_fs.  It  has  heeu  i^reatly  hroken  away, 
and  what  remains  is  disfigured  hy  thick  in- 
crustation of  salt. 

I'l.  XX.  On  the  South  wall  of  the  recess  was 
a  fii^ure  of  Shedu  seated,  with  a  tahle  of  offerings 
hcfore  him.  The  west  Avail  of  the  toiidj,  to  the 
south  of  the  recess,  is  nearly  all  destroyed,  only 
frafnnents  of  some  small  fii^iires  remaining:  at 
the  top. 

(16.)  I'l.  XXI.  Here  Shedu  and  his 
daughter  are  hehokling  the  workmen  of  the 
estate.      The  carpenters  are  polishing  a  couch. 


heneath  which  ai'e  the  hoxes  for  clothing,  Siv., 
and  t.wo  head-i'ests,  placi'd  on  footstools. 
.Another  cai'|)enter  is  sawing  a  [ilank.  The 
wood  is  lashed  on  to  an  upright  post  \\'hich  is 
phuited  in  the  grnund.  :ind  i^  further  stayed  hy 
ropes  foi-e  and  aft  tying  it  down  tn  a,ttaclniients 
in  tlu:  gn>nnd.  The  lashing  which  attaches  tlie 
iioai'd  to  the  li.xed  post  is  tightened  hy  twisting 
it  up  with  a  stick,  and  the  liall  of  sur[>Ius  cord 
hangs  down.  In  tlie  middle  line  is  a  carpenter 
trinuniuir  a  trreat  door.  Next  is  a  machine 
made  of  a,  forked  iiiefe  standinir  on  the  <iround 
and  a  long  curved  leg  fastened  to  it,  forming  a 
tri])od  ;  on  tliis  is  fastened  a  long  lever  arm,  so 
as  to  foi'm  a  pi-ess  or  vice.  This  is  worked  l)y 
one  man  })utting  his  weight  on  the  level',  while 
.another  places  hars  of  wood  to  he  acted  on  in 
the  press.  A  row  of  such  hars  lies  in  the  ])ack- 
ground.  The  inscription  was  never  completed, 
the  name  of  the  olijcct  or  action  was  some 
unusual  sign  which  the  sculptor  did  not  know, 
,and  he  has  left  a,  hlank  for  it.  The  use  of  this 
pi'ess  is  not  clear  ;  it  may  have  heen  to  compress 
and  harden  the  points  of  the  stakes,  or  to  trim 
them  into  shape  with  a  cutter  ;  hut  if  the  kittei', 
we  sliould  expect  to  have  the  form  of  the  end 
sliOAvn.  Lastly  comes  the  cutting  of  wood ; 
the  word  nczer,  ov  iicji'r,  "  to  prepare  wood  or 
carpenter,"  is  still  used,  tlu^  itiujiji'i r  Ijeiiig  the 
modern  Araliic  for  a  carpenter.  At  the  hottom 
is  the  preparation  of  leather,  and  sandal-making  ; 
leather  cases  for  mirrors,  &c.,  stand  in  the  hack- 
ground. 

(17.)  I'l.  X.XII.  On  the  other  half  of  the 
South  wall  is  the.  very  usual  lishing  scene,  "where 
Shedu  is  accomp.anii'd  hy  his  daughter  and  one 
son  who  is  si)earing  fish.  The  son's  name 
remains — "  Nona,  wdiose  surnanu!  is  J'h'dunef- 
hotep  "  (sec  pi.  xxv.)  ;  and  he  lii'ld  the  oflice 
of  govci'nor  of  the  palace  and  (■om])anion  like  his 
father.  .Another  son  whose  name  is  lost — unless 
it  was  Shedu  as  his  father's  —  stands  hehind, 
holding  a-  hird  which  he  has  knocked  over  with 
a  throw-stick.      The  geiiett  cats  (?)  hunting  for 


'niK    'I'OMl!    ()!■■    SIIKUL'. 


11 


youiii:'  liinls  ainniiL;'  tlio  ix'L'ds  uru  u  I'lU'ijurite' 
siiliject  ill  tliu  l\'tli  ami  A'fli  Dynast  v.  ]]cl(jw 
is  a  variety  of  fisli  in  tliu  water,  \vith  the 
iuevitaljlo  crocodile  and  lii|)})opotamiis. 

PL  XXIII.  On  the  wall  south  of  the  door  i> 
all  the  harvest  and  farm  AVork.  The  wall  is 
much  destroyed  hy  the  fall  at  the  top,  decay  of 
the  face,  and  two  lari^'e  recesses  cut  l)y  the 
Copts.  A  good  group  of  donkeys  trcatling  out 
the  grain  is  left  near  the  door,  the  harvest  is 
seen  at  the  other  end,  with  a,  row  of  large 
granaries  in  the  hackground.  (jroiips  of  cattle 
and  slaughtering  filled  the  lower  part. 

(18.)  J'l.  XXiV.  The  outer  facade  at  the 
low  level  is  much  decayed  and  weathered  by 
exposure,  and  the  scenes  arc  only  traceable  in 
part.  Besides  that  it  is  thickly  encrusted  with 
salt  in  much  of  the  scul[)ture  that  remains. 
The  usual  iisii-speai'ing  scene,  Avitli  two  fish 
caught  on  a  Ijidcut  out  of  a  pool  fiefore  the 
master,  is  given.  In  front  of  that  is  a,  very  un- 
usual sculpture,  prol;ably  uniipae,  of  a  jiyraniid 
and  temple  before  it,  Avitli  a  man  opening  the 
door.  Most  unfortunately  the  decay  prevents 
our  knowing  Avliose  pyramid  this  Avas.  Lastly, 
there  arc  servants  Avith  otf'erings  at  the  base. 

PL  XXV.  On  the  opposite  half  of  the  fac^ade 
the  scenes  are  so  greatly  destroyed  that  it  Avas 
useless  to  try  to  show  their  arrangement.     One 


line  bears  the  funeral  liarge  with  the  coliin 
under  a  caiiopv,  the  l)oxes  of  funeral  furniture 
before  and  liehind  it,  and  a  mourner  seated 
at  either  end.  Behind  that  is  a  procession  of 
boats  iloating  down  the  stream,  the  men  all 
holding  their  oars  up,  Avhicdi  is  a,  position  very 
unusual  oi-  iiukuown  on  sculptures  ;  the  re- 
mainder of  the  boats  are  in  less  perfect  condi- 
tion. At  the  base  ol'  the  Avail  are  servants 
cooking  the  funeral  feast.  Parts  of  this  loAver 
line  are  in  perfect  state,  OAving  to  having  been 
modelled  in  hard  plaster  instead  of  being  cut  in 
soft  limestone.  At  each  end  of  the  recess  of 
the  facade  are  traces  of  a  lart'e  lii^ure  of  Shedu 
standinii'. 

On  the  sides  of  the  passage  leading  from  the 
facade  to  the  tomb  above  there  are  remains  of 
long  inscriptions.  The  upper  jiart  having  been 
of  built  stone  is  all  removed  ;  the  lower  part  in 
rock  is  thickly  encrusted  Avith  salt.  There  is 
shown  here  a  small  part  of  the  north  side  of  the 
passage,  Avitli  horizontal  lines  of  titles  of  Shedu, 
etc.  ;  and  a  larger  part  of  the  .south  side,  Avitli 
vertical  columns  of  inscription  of  the  titles  of 
Shedu.  At  the  inner  edge  of  this  Avas  a  large 
figure  of  Shedu,  and  his  sou  Erdunefhotep, 
Avhom  Ave  saAV  before  in  pi.  xxii.  For  the  dis- 
cussion of  these  and  the  other  inscriptions  see 
Chapter  IX.  l)y  Mr.  GillKth. 


12 


BESHARHRn. 


CHAPTER   IIT. 

TOMBS    OF     NENKHEFTKA    AND     NENKHEFTEK. 


(19.)  \Xv  hiUX'  ;i1i'(';h1\-  iKitcd,  in  (ho  dis- 
cussion i  if  (l;itcs  in  the  (ii-st  cluiptoi',  that  tliese 
two  men — father  and  son — were  prohidjlv  tlio 
grandsons  or  groatgrandsons  ol'  twn  of  the 
same  naiufs  known  at  Raejqara, ;  and  that  their 
date  is  abont  the  latter  half  of  the  A-'th  Dvnasty. 


lli'.Ai)  OF  Nenkiiki'tka.     .Stati.b  a. 

The  actual  I'eniains  fmiid  of  tlicin  at  Desliasheh 
arc  the  ravaged  tonih-plntforni  imd  empty 
tomb-well  of  the  father,  the  stntues  of  father  and 
S(in  in  the  father's  serdab,  and  the  untouched 
grave  of  the  son  with  inscribed  coHiii  and  body 
complete.  Perhai^s  there  was  no  real  difference 
between  the  names,  as  in  early  times  the  sian 
of  the  two  arms,  In.,  interchanges  with  the 
basket  /,•;  bat  for  distinction  we  keep  a  diftcr- 
cncc  in  tiic  spelling  as  the  Egyptians  did.  That 
the  figures  were  not  really  all  of  (juc  person, 
with  changes  in  spelling,  is  sho\vn  by  the 
seated  tiguro  written  with  lea  being  accompanied 
by  the  little  Ijoy  written  with  /■. 

The  tomb  of  Xenkheftka  has  been  built  upon 


a,  narrciw  spur  (if  the  plateau,  fdling  the  whnle 
Avidth  (if  it.  But  the  built  mastaba  and  ils 
chainbers  have  been  cntirelv  remo\-('(l  Inr  tlu! 
sake  of  the  stuue  in  early  times  ;  and  all  that  is 
left  is  a  platform  cut  in  the  I'ock,  with  a  few- 
long  blocks  of  rough  coai'se  limestone  left  Iving 
al)out  it,  The  Avholc  was  covered  with  chips 
and  sand,  so  that  it  was  indistinguishable  from 
the  rest  of  the  hill-side.  I  iKiticed  a  bank  of 
chips  thrown  out  below,  ])roving  that  some 
considerable  W(.irk  had  been  done  here  ;  and  on 
digging  above  we  found  the  platform.  This 
was  cleared  for  several  davs  without  linding 
anything,  and  my  men  being  much  discouraged 
would  hardly  continue.  Lastly,  in  clearing  the 
south-west  corner  of  the  platf(jrm  a  i)it  was 
found  3S  X  41  inches,  and  two  or  three  feet 
down  a,  doorway  led  westward  into  the  senhih 
chamber  cut  in  the  rock.  This  chamber  is 
about  S  feet  wide  and  IS  long  (DGX-ill 
inches),  and  the  floor  is  of  various  levels  .')  to  S 
feet  under  the  roof.  A  recess  a  foot  and  a,  hall' 
high  opens  iu  the  north  wall. 

(20.)  The  chamlier  was  half  full  of  sand 
run  in  fr(»m  the  entrance.  Lying  half  in  the 
sand  were  the  statues,  some  down  in  the  lowest 
part,  others  on  the  higher  place  or  bench  at  the 
end  ;  and  in  the  i-ecess  was  the  head  of  one  of 
the  large  statues  and  fragments  of  the  smaller. 
Pieces  lay  beneath  the  sand  on  the  bench  and 
about  the  chandler,  and  the  completion  of  the 
smaller  figures  was  obtained  by  searching  all 
the  chijjs  and  sand  for  10  or  L5  feet  around  the 
j^it  on  the  outside  jolatform.  The  whole  of  the 
figures  that  wei-e  here  can  hardly  be  known,  as 
of  several  there  are  but  small  [neces  lelt,  and 
others  may  have  entirely  disappeared.  But  the 
following  are  certnin,  all  of  limestone  : — • 


TOMIJS    OF    NKNKFIKFTKA  AND    NENKllKFTEK. 


Nenkheftka. 

A.  Statue,  one  foot  broken, 

B.  Statue,  one  foot  lost,  other  liroken. 


C.  Seated  figure,  with  son  by  legs, 

D.  Pair  in    f  N.,  one  leg  lost, 
one  base,  C  W'ife,  complete, 

E.  Group,  N.  and  wife,  shins  lost, 

F.  Base  of  a  gnnip  of  N.  and  wife, 

G.  Bits  of  inscription  from  Ijase  of  a  group  like  E,  .'j- 

Nenkheftek. 


life  size  (Cairo),  pi.  xxxii.  4,  5,  6. 

„         (Brit.  ]\Ius.),    pi.  XXX.  1,  front ; 

xxxii.  1,  2,  3. 
,,         (Cairo),  pi.  xxxii.  7,  8. 

,,         (Boston),  pi.  xxxi.  1, 

,,  pi.  xxxiii.  29. 


(I.   Seated  figure,  one  fore-arm  lost, 
//.   Seated  cross-legged  figure,  body  lost, 
c.  „  „  ,,         head  lost, 

il.  Statue,  only  middle  left,  a  Ijoy, 
c.   Statue,  i'rom  insertion  in  gruup, 
( Uncertain) — • 

Arm  and  leg  of  cross-legged  fi^Tiure, 

Leg  of  seated  figure, 

Arm, 

Seated  cross-legged  figure,  head,  shoulder, 
and  knee  lost, 


(Chicago), 
(Chicago), 


pi.  xx'xi.  "1  ;   xxxiii.  2^ 


]j1.  xxxiii.  27. 


(Philadelphia),  pi.  xxx.  2,  3  ;   xxxiii.  32. 

(Liverpool),  pi.  xxxiii.  3L 

(Brit.  Mus.),  pi.  x.xxiii.  30. 

(Boston) 


1  (I  '! 


(Liverpdul) 


(2L)     The    condition    of  the    statues  shows 
wilful  injury  in  every  case.     Of  A  half  the  base 


sepai'ately  ;    the  head  has  been  broken  off,  and 
part  of  till'  neck  is  missing.     The  face  and  liead 


St.vtue  (A)  <;i'  Nenkiiei'tk.\. 

is  broken  aAvay,  the  right  foot  remaining,  and 
the    toes   of  the    left    foot    have    been    found 


Head  ov  Nexkiikitk^.     Statue   li. 

are    quite   perfect.     Of  B  the  wlujle  base  and 
feet  are  broken  away,  only  the  toes  of  the  left 


u 


nESIlASllKK 


foot  liiivinii-   lioen   t'oiiud  ;    the  liTt  Imml  i-^  lost,      otlicrwiso    in    n-odd    state      A   is   a    ci-oss-lcLi-^-ed 
and   tlio   iMu'lit  ono  dotacliod  ;   the  head  is  i|uit('      (i^'iii-c,  luil    lias  lu^l  all  (lie  l)cid\-  and  head.      c.  is 


porffct    nut    (U'tai 


Si:vTKi)  FiGuitu  1)1'  Nknioiki'TKa.     Fici'kk  C 


ill  the  deepest  part,  without  any  ln'csd^ai^v,  the 
only  injury  heini;'  two  Mows  on  the  [\\v(\  -wliieh 
have  disfigured  one  side.  It  has  on  the  left  si(h' 
of  the  legs  a  small  ligiirc  of  Xenkheftek,  the 
son.  D  is  a  pair  of  figures  <)[  the  lather  and 
Ins  wife;  they  were  originidly  separate,  and  jire 
oi'  ditfercut  scales,  the  man  heing  \\)\  and  the 
woman  oidy  1  o  inches  high.  To  mute  them  the 
hnses  have  heen  ti'iinincd  d.iwn,  and  litfed  into 
a.  slab  of  limestone  Avith  nndercut  recesses. 
Ijoth  of  the  figures  are  of  good  work,  es|jccially 
the  Avoman's.  E  is  a  group  of  N.  and  his  wife 
standing  together,  her  right  arm  is  across  his 
hacdc,  and  her  left  hand  on  his  ai'ni.  The  ex- 
]iressioii  is  veiy  natni-al  and  lile  like.  Ilalfol' 
the  haso  is  lost;  and  holh  1)  and  \\  lia\-e  heen 
!)roken  into  small  pieces,  which  were  scattered 
ahout  the  oliaiuhei',  and  on  the  platform  out- 
side ;  and  parts  of  \\  luive  heen  hni'ut.  F  isoidy 
the  inscribed  base  of  a  group,  of  alioTit  the  same 
size.  Of  G-  only  two  bils  of  the  inscription 
remain. 

Of  Xenkheftek  the  seated  figure  n  has  the  left 
arm    broken   away,  and    head    dcfachcd,   bnt    is 


riie   ligni'c  ('  was  l\ing  .  a    rallicr    lessci'  one,  of  wliicli    the   head    is  lost. 

(/  is  just  (lie  loAvcr  iruid;  and  thighs  nl'a  Im]\-'s 
figure  unclad,  and  must  ha\'e  accompanied  fi 
good-si/e(I  uiMiip  of  his  jiarents.  c  is  a  small 
liguri'  ol' a  l>o\-,  -with  the  head  detached  and  the 
chest  broken.  TIk^  other  fragments  of  four 
Hgui'es  do  not  show  whether  they  bidong  to 
fatlier  or  son.  d'here  ai'e  thus  altogether  seven- 
teen blocks  of  sculpt  ui'e,  com[)rising  nineteen 
figures:  of  these  seven  are  of  Xenkheftka,  two 
of  Xefersesheiiis  his  wife,  six  of  Xeid;heft(dv  liis 
son.  and  four  mideterinined.  This  is  an  unusual 
mnuber  and  \ariet\'  to  be  found  in  i.mo  si-rdtih. 
Tiie  ai't  of  thi'  largi'r  figures  is  as  good  as  any 
yet  foinid  :  though  there  is  not  the  elalKU'ation 
of  iidaid  eyes — as  in  llahotep  andXefert — or  the 
'jeiirr  (diaractei'  of  the  scribe  in  the  fjonyre,  yet 
for  life-like  chai'acter  and  fidelity,  with  good 
anatomical  detail,  thei'e  aiv  not  mon>  than  half- 
a-dozen    figures  to  compare  with  (he  large  ones 


here,  even  in  the  Cairo  ^luscnm. 

(22.)      How  it  should   come  about   that  th 


"        ;  NkN'KIIKM'KK     IIKMIIR    IHS     I''aTII  Kll.  •'^  S  P  I  IT  K  0.] 

chamber  slirudd  be  raxage  1,  the  heads  l)i'oken 
o|]',  anil  bodies  scattered  in  (Vagments,  and  yet  the 
two  ];\r'j;o  heads  be  sa\'ed  absolutely  ix'rlect,  is  ;t 


TOMliS    OF    NKNKITRFTKA    AXD    N  KNKIl  KKTKK. 


iiiystc'i'v.  IIuw  a,  lu'iid  slioiild  li;i\-o  IjCL'U  picktMl  ("ai-  rroni  tlic  base.  This  sociiis  as  if  the  coffin 
up  aiul  hiid  in  tlie  reecss,  wilh<.iiit  a.  siii^^Ie  l)i'uise  luul  ))fcu  lowered  with  thi^  hudy  in  it,  a  tilt  to 
or  scrape,  seems  iinpossihlc^  in  \iew  (if  the  ,,\iv  md  haxiiii^-  di-i\i'ii  the  liody  into  tliat 
violence.  Happily  these  lincst  nt  the  senlptures  posit  i^n.  A  strait,  wrll-IVirnR^d,  Imt  plainly 
remain  tn  he  a  joy  to  us  nuw.  '  made  hcad-ivst  was  set  on  end  ni)on  the  breast. 

The  sepulchral  pit  wliich  probably  belonged  j  The  sexu.al  pa,rts  Avei'c^  modelled  in  (doth  ami 
to  this  mastaba.  is  bdiind  the  idatlorm,  on  the  '  phiced  in  positi<in.  The  wlmlo  body  was  fully 
edge  of  the  hill.  It  was  a  wide  and  deep  pit.  wrapped  nji  in  linen,  and  the  skin  and  ligaments 
Half  way  down  was  a,  secondary  ))Urial  of  the  were  iirm  and  strong;  there  was  no  sign  of  cm- 
XVIIIth  Dynasty,  Avith  two  coffins  of  boards  '  babning  or  inumnuhcation  in  this  or  other  bodies 
side  by  side,  containing  some  Phoenician  (?)  iu  the  cemetery,  but  oidy  plain  drying.  A 
pottery  and  an  alal)aster  kohl-pot  ;  as  well  as  calf's  head  lay  face  doAvn  at  the  level  of  the 
several  jars  and  pans  of  pottery  by  the  coffins,  coilin-top,  in  the  Avell  at  the  foot  end  ;  the  calf's 
At    the    l)ottom   was    the    sepnlcln-al    c]iand)er,  '  ha-nncli  hiy  on   the  iloor  of  the  well  at  the  other 


Head  of  Nenkheftka.     .Statue  B. 

which  had  I)een  completel}'  rifled.  The  chamber 
opened  out  of  the  north  of  the  well ;  along  the 
cast  side  was  a,  long  trench  or  })it  to  hold  the 
coHin,  King  N.  and  S.  iVothing  remained  but 
bones  of  owls  and  bats,  and  sand  and  dust.  The 
details  of  the  st'coudary  Imrials  arc  gi\-en  in 
Cliaptrr  Vr. 

(23.)  The  gi'ave  of  the  sen,— Nenkheftek— 
was  found  on  the  top  of  the  hill.  It  was  of  a 
usual  type,  a  long  trench  sunk  through  the 
gravels  to  aliout  twelve  or  iifteen  feet  deep, 
Avith  a  recess  on  the  Avest  side  to  hold  the  coffin. 
Within  lav  the  bodv  on  its  back,  head  nortli,  the 
head  turned  into  the  N.W.  corner,  and  the  feet 


]IeAD    of    ]MEi\KIIEfTkA.       StaTUR    B. 

end.  The  Collin  was  of  stout  planks,  about  two 
inches  thick.  The  decoration  Avas  in  black  out- 
line tilled  in  with  bine  \y.\\\\\.  (see  pi.  xxix.).  A 
I)an(l  of  inscription  I'an  all  round  the  outside 
near  the  to]),  giving  the  titles  of  Neidcheftek 
snrnanied  'J'hv.  On  the  left  side,  looking  out 
to  the  well,  Avei-e  two  eyes  painted  opposite  the 
head.  On  the  insidi!  of  the  left  side  is  a,  long 
list  of  offerings  ;  on  the  inside  at  the  head  end 
is  the  list  of  seven  sacred  oils,  at  the  foot  end  a 
door  and  facade.  Tlie  Avhole  of  it  I  copied  in 
full-size  draAving  Avhen  found  ;  the  coilin  Avas 
kept  at  the  Cairo  ^luseuni.  On  the  inscriptions 
sec  Mr.  Griffith  in  Chapter  TX. 


IG 


DESHASIlKll. 


CH/VPTEE,    TV. 

TOMBS    WITH    PERFECT    BODIES. 


(24.)  In  order  to  compare  the  diflcrent 
modes  of  Ixirial  with  host  ctrcct,  we  sliall  liere 
classify  the    Imrials  ami   descrihc  them  in  the 

(nllowiiiL;-  order : — 

r>lII!IAl,S    OK    Pf.RFKCT    BoDIKS. 

A.  lii  Collins,  full  leii-th,  5,  J!.  117,  '21). 

B.  „  contracted,  88,  llM),  l-]8,  I'A). 

C.  Ill  solid  hl..ck  comn,  30,  MSA. 

D.  Without  cntliii,  full  length,  115,  111,  1  12, 

IIS. 
Without  coffin,  full  length,  plundered,  "JO, 
28/),  SI,  104,  114,  152. 

E.  AYithout  coffin,  contracted,  121,  122,  123, 

124. 
V.  Uncertain,  42,   43,   93,   05,   HO,  100,  101, 
lo;'.,    107,    110,    117/',    130,    130</,    140, 
1  14. 

Hriil.M.S    OF    BoDIF.S    jroiJE    OR    LKSS    CUT    Ul". 

(Detailed  in  next  chapter.) 

In  all  the  fuHdwing  descriptinus  it  is  to  he 
assumed  tliiit  the  head  is  to  X.  and  face  upward, 
unless  s]iecilied. 

(25.)  A.  Iliiriiih  full  hnujili  iu.  cnflhtn. 
No.  5.  ( 'liamher  entrance  hlocked  with  stones; 
a,  jar  and   [inn  X.  of  entrance  ;   colliii  along  W. 


IM.  XXVI. 
2,8,12,23. 


side  of  chamher,  entrance  E.  Left  hand  at  side, 
right  on  thigh. 

Toinl)  ahout  90,  marked  11.  (Vjffin  alrcad}' 
plundered,  head  pulled  oft",  and  clothing  pulled 
partly  out ;  rude  outline  of  eye  on  side  ;  rough 
solid  hlock  head-rest. 

117.  A^ery  solid  coffin,  90  X  28  X  27  high, 
with  lid  ;  foiu'  copper  staples  stand  u})  in  the 
axis  of  the  lid,  two  at  each  end,  Avhich  have 
hold  some  ornaments  (jackals?)  that  were  re- 
moved hefore  the  interment.  Inside  was  a  large 
(piantity  of  clothing  over  the  hody,  rotted  dark 
hrown  and  almost  too  tender  to  lift ;  I  noted  a 
shawl  of  ahout  7ft.  X  3ft.,  a  mass  of  kilted  stuff 
8^  iTis.  wide,  two  other  pieces  of  kilted  stuff, 
and  eight  or  nine  other  articles.  Under  the 
head  was  a  mass  of  clotliing  li)  X  12  X  4  ins. 
deep.  The  head  faced  E.,  the  left  arm  straight, 
the  right  forc-ai'in  across  the  hodv.  Upon  the 
neck  was  a  string  of  heads  of  gold  foil  (pi.  xxvi. 
29,  30),  with  a-  few  carnelian,  green  jasper,  and 
haematite  (31),  and  a  rude  pendant  o|'  the  infant 
Horns  in  haematite  (32).  The  heads  Avere 
spaced  iipart  in  groups,  with  nl)oiit  luilf  nn  inch 
of  clear  thread  between  them.  On  the  wrists 
were  striniis  of  anndets,  and  also  of  sm.all  croon 


"dazed  stone 


bead 


r, 


4.   10, 
7,  -'(I, 


19. 


r::a  eyes  right 

„        left 
I  land  open  \v\{. 

Ihmd  clenched  I'ighi 

left 


/;/;////. 

2  carnelian 

grey  agate 

lihu'k  haematite 

2  carnelian 
(  2  carnelian 
(  hrown  limestone 

carnelian 


The  list  is  as  follows  : — 

Left. 
[•  hrown  and  green  limestone 

grey  agate 


'Ju.Miis   wi'i'ii   i'i:i;i'i:u'r  BOiMh:.^ 


ir 


7.  Standing  iigui'c     . 

3,  '21.  Jvoyal  lioi'net 

1.  Leopard's  head 

in.  IIi|ip()potamus  head 


2r,. 

Double  lion,  foreparts 

15. 

Lion    . 

1-^, 

2'^ 

Jackal's  head 

11. 

Animal,  legs  tied 

25. 

Frog     . 

5,9, 

LS. 

Long  beads  . 

27, 

28. 

Glazed  stone  small  bea 

h'i,jl,l. 

Left. 

brown  linu 

sbme 

black  liine.s 

tone 

brown  agate 

lazuli 

•                     •                    • 

^  blue  glaze  potter\',  broken  up 

(  black  limestone 
cloudy  aga,tc 

■ 

. 

carnelian 
(  carnelian 
(  lazuli 

bi'own  limestone 

. 

. 

. 

carnelian 

(  earnelian 

lazuli 

(  lazuli 

43  smaller 

44  larii-er 

The  right  wrist  was  disturbed  first;  ;is  the 
mass  of  decayed  clothing  reduced  to  broAvn  dust 
Avas  two  or  three  inches  deep,  the  positions  of 
the  amulets  were  disturbed  before  I  observed 
them,  for  as  nothing  of  the  kind  had  been  fmud 
before  they  could  not  be  anticipated.  The 
-  other  wj-ist  was  then  very  carefully  disclosed, 
and  the  positions  of  the  amulets  noted  as  they 
had  been  set  at  intervals  along  a  tln-ead  which 
went  tAvicc  round  the  wrist. 

The  value  of  these  little  anudets  lies  in  showing 
what  such  things  were  like  in  the  Vth  Dynasty. 
Hitherto  nearly  all  that  were  known  were  of  the 
XXVIth  Dynasty,  and  a  few  of  the  XVlIltli 
and  Xlltli  Dynasties  served  only  to  show  that 
the  idea  was  ancient.  But  nou-  we  have  a  full 
variety  belonging  to  the  first  civilization,  and 
see  that  several  types  were  then  used  Avhich 
disappeared  later.  The  u::a  eye  diilers  in  i'urm, 
having  two  projections  below,  but  not  the 
rounded  cheek  piece.  The  clenched  hand  and 
open  hand  are  rare  later  on,  though  the  com- 
monest here.  The  hornet,  leopard's  head,  and 
jackal's  head  are  lud^uown  later,  and  the  others 
are  of  the  less  usual  types.  But  the  conunonest 
amulets  of  later  times, — the  heart,  the  scarab, 
fingers,  feathers,  crowns,  head-rest,  tat,  uaz, 
sacred  animals  and  gods,  the  srpiarc,  ti'ianglc, 


seal,   i^-c. — all    these    are    apparently   unknown 
at  this  early  period. 

2!).  Coffin  lying  tilted  in  a  well,  owing  to  the 
chamber  being  a  mere  recess,  in  which  the  feet 
could  be  pb^.ced,  but  not  large  enough  to  let  the 
colli u  Hat.  The  body  was  slipped  doAvn  to  the 
lower  end  of  the  colIin,  with  the  le"s  doubled 
up  kneeling.  It  seems,  however,  almost  im- 
possil)lc  that  this  position  could  have  been  due 
to  mere  accident  in  lowering  the  cotfin ;  the 
rigour  and  stiffness  of  the  corpse,  and  tight 
bandaging  Avith  linen,  Avoidd  make  unlikely 
such  a  doubling  of  knees  and  hips  beneath  the 
mere  Aveight.  It  seems  rather  as  if  this  AA'ere  a 
partly  contracted  burial  like  the  folloAving. 

(26.)  B.  Buvialti  contracted  in  cnjjinti.  88. 
This  is  a  contracted  burial  in  a  full-length  coffin, 
the  body  not  in  contact  Avith  either  end  of  the 
coHin  ;  the  hi|)s,  knees,  and  elboAvs  bent,  and 
left  hand  under  the  knee,  the  right  before  the 
knees  ;  the  head  turned  round  looking  back- 
Avard,  the  body  facing  east.  On  the  outside  of 
the  colKu  an  eye  roughly  painted,  at  the  head 
end  of  the  east  or  left  side,  so  as  to  look  out  into 
the  Avell.  Clothing;  Avas  left  in  the  sand  filline;, 
and  much  clothing  under  and  at  the  feet. 
A  solid  block  head-rest  A\-as  outside  the  coffin 
at   the    feet.     The   tomb  had    been   plundered 

(J 


18 


nKSlIASUKIT. 


anciently ;  and  a  l)asket  and  pottery  <^i'  tlie 
XVlIlth  Dynasty  stood  lialf'-way  down  the 
well  (xxxiii.  S). 

The  other  three  contracted  Imrials  Avcre  in 
small  coflins  made  to  lit,  nioasiii-ini;-  inside, — 

No.  120.  No.  M«.  No.  150. 

31 -f)  X  20-3  ins.     25  x  IS  ins.     30  x  IC  ins. 

120.  Coflin  made  with  uju'i^iit  strips  ai-dund 
the  sides  IT'l  loni;-,  and  two  tenons  3  to  0,1  ins. 
Avide,  and  1  incli  thiclc.  I'.nd  Mocks  oftlielid 
Avere  2S-1  lon^u;,  •!•()  wide,  5-S  dee]>,  with  snnlc 
curved  groove  to  Iu)ld  the  lid-l)(iards.  A  liead- 
rcst  Avas  upri_nlit  hehind  the  liead.  The  li()d\- 
(sec  pi.  XXXV.)  was  that  oi' a  larne  iind  xindroiis 
old  man,  "with  ]'emai'I^al)]v  ossified  ]ar\iix  ;  it 
was  contracted  togetlna-  as  tightly  as  possihle. 

148.  Coffin  Avith  large  old  man,  contracted  as 
closely  as  possible. 

150.  Coffin  Avitli  Av^oman  ;  short  l)i'0Avn  ha'r  ; 
collar-l)one  broken  and  repaired  in  lite,  la,])ped 
together.  Body  contracted  closely  ;  not  cut  uj) 
at  all.  All  these  three  had  the  head  north,  face 
east,  lying  on  left  side  ;  the  sair.e  as  the  j\Iednm 
position  of  contracted  burial  in  the  lA'th 
Dynasty. 

(27.)  C.  Jlnriiil.s  ill  solid  bloc].-  rofliiix.  30. 
A  solid  trunk  of  sycamore,  aborit  350  years  old 
Avhcn  cut  d(jwn,  Avas  hollowed  out  by  adze  Avork 
to  a  fairly  even  thickness  ol'  sides,  flat  in  and  out. 
The  tomb  had  been  plundered  through  a  hole 
in  the  Availing  of  the  entrance  only  sufficient 
for  a  boy  to  pass.  The  skull  lay  outside  the 
cothn,  in  N.E.  corner.  The  coffin  had  two  big 
stones  in  it  at  the  head  end,  and  a  mass  of  bats' 
bones  and  liirds'  eggs,  showing  that  it  had  long 
stood  open.  The  body,  Avra])ped  in  linen  clothes, 
Avas  that  of  an  old  man.  In  chihlhood  his  left 
thigh  had  been  broken,  and  Avas  completely 
united  in  one  mass,  but  two  inches  too  short. 
A  stick  had  therefore  been  carried  to  Avalk  Avith, 
and  this  lay  by  the  body.  14S6.  Another 
block  coffin  contained  a  Avoman,  fastened  in 
place  by  some  pitch   poured  over  the  body  ;  a 


head-i'est  Avith  tinted  stem  beneath  the  head. 
On  the  outside  an  inscription  roughly  cut  in 
outline  Avith  a  knife  (pi.  xxxv.).  ]\ruch  cloth- 
ing Avas  I'oinid  \vitli  this,  desci'ibed  in  sect.  43, 
and  llgured  in  [)1.  xxxv.  This  coffin  and  body 
wei'e  ke|>t  in  the.  Cairo  ]\luseum. 

(28.)  D.  lliiriiils  iritliuiit  nijjl IIS, fall  Icnijlli. 
1  I  5.  This  Avas  in  a  double  interment,  a  cl\ild 
with  the  second  teeth  just  coming,  lying  com- 
plete in  front  of  a  ])ody  of  an  adult  which 
Avas  completely  cut  to  ])ieces.  111.  Body  in 
wrap})ings  of  linen,  i'ace  downward,  Avith  right 
liand  under  })elvis.  112.  BjikIn- of  a.  rather  small 
(lid  AVDinan  Avith  -whiti!  hair,  -with  a  jar  at  the 
head  (pi.  xxxiii.  12).  lis.  Budy  slightly  l)ent, 
on  left  side,  face  east;  hands  before  face;  veiy 
perfect ;  cartilage  gluey ;  Avith  a  Avhitc  skin, 
and  black  hair  closely  shaved.  A  shirt  and 
cloth  buried  in  the  gravel.  The  skeleton  Avas 
ke])t  at  Cairo,  so  Ave  cannot  uoav  state  the 
sex. 

D.  M'itlinitt  <;i[]!ii,  I, lit  phimJercl.  20,  28//, 
show  by  legs  and  feet  being  in  ]ilace  that  they 
Avere  complete  bodies.  Si  has  the  triudc 
draii'o'ed  out  iro)n  a  lon<j,'  hollow  in  the  ilooi', 
and  still  articulated  ;  this  proves  the  plunder- 
ing to  have  been  sikju  after  burial.  Pottery 
(pi.  xxxiii.  17,  !!)).  104  contained  a  I'ced  mat  or 
long  crate  and  foin-  squai-e  hampers  of  papyrus 
(pl.xxxiv.  12),Avith  some  rough  early  jars  beneath 
them  (pi.  xxxiii.  22).  Over  them  lay  the  body 
Avrapped  in  cloth  ;  it  had  probably  been  dragged 
over  from  the  side  of  the  chandler  to  search  it. 
114.  Body  of  a  I'emale,  very  Avell  dried,  skin 
and  tendons  preserved,  large  size :  I'everscd, 
head  south  and  I'eet  out  bv  Avell,  and  ten  inches 
higher  than  head,  pi'obably  dragged  round  by 
jdnndei'ers  ;  left  hand  before  pelvis,  right  hand 
behind.  152.  Body  lying  in  avcU  ;  still  flexible 
Avhen  i)lnndered,  shins  and  arms  broken  off, 
oidy  thirteen  A'ertebrae  left. 

(29.)  h'.  llnviiiU  irilliiinl  roljiii,  cnidrartcd . 
These  are  all  in  one  chanilier,  121-124  (see  ])1. 
xxxv.).     A  man,  head  noi'th  ;   a  boy,  head  east  ; 


TO.Mli.S    WITH     I'lClU'M'XU'    IKJUIIOS. 


19 


a  boy,  Ik\'k1  north,  witli  a  green  ,i;l;i/.C(l  pottery 
cylinder  Avitli  inipi'cssed  pattern  (pi.  xxvi.  o7, 
38);  and  a  body,  neck  north,  bnt  lieadlcss.  From 
three  oi"  these  being  Avitli  head  north,  and  the 
fourth  only  turned  to  east  for  laek  of  room, 
it  is  clear  that  these  belong  to  the  contracted 
burials  of  the  Old  Ivingdom,  and  not  to  those 
of  the  New  Race,  which  always  have  the  head 
to  south. 

(30.)  F.  Jhiviiih  of  uiifc  rill  ill:  frenlnii'iil. 
Many  tombs  Avere  so  much  distur])e(l  by 
plundering  that  it  could  not  be  said  whether  the 
bodies  had  been  complete  or  dissevered.  Of  these 
the  numbers  are  given  in  the  list  at  the  head  of 
this  chapter,  and  here  we   sliall  only  note  those 


that  showed  some  detail.  -12.  Pottery  ^lans  and 
a  copper  pan  :  jars  of  pointed  form  ;  leg  of  a 
calf;  stem  of  a  wooden  head-rest.  *J3.  Rouch 
jars  with  caps  of  mud  upon  them  (pi.  xxxiii. 
lil),  but  containing  only  loose  lumps  of  nuid. 
1)1).  Very  open  net-work  stuff  of  linen:  the 
"  iishing-net "  dress  of  Seneferu's  rowing 
damsels  (see  sect.  -lo).  ]0o.  A  Avoodeii  statue, 
considerably  wt'athej'ed,  lay  iu  the  well. 

117/'.  Block  of  ^\'oo(len  Ijoat,  oS  ins.  loii"'. 
lay  in  tomi). 

It  is  thus  seeu  that  there  is  no  special  type  of 
l)urial  associated  with  the  jjcrfect  bodies,  but 
they  are  found  alike  with  coiliiis  or  without, 
full  length  or  contracted. 


C  li 


■20 


i)i:.siiAsin:ii. 


CT-TAPTEll   Y. 


TOMBS    WITH     DISSEVERED     BODIES. 


(31.)  Tliesc  toiiilis  \vc  fiTOTip  lioro  in  classes, 
as  in  tlie  previons  cliapter,  in  orucr  that  tlio 
comparisons  may  1)C  more  I'cadilv  made. 

M.  Portions  dissevertd,  TIT,,  22,  28,  M.'i,  01. 

N.  IMostly  dissevei-ed,  21,  27. 

0.   Completely    dissevered,    rccompnsod    foi- 

l)urial,  2.^,  11;;,  11.^),  7S,  M2. 
P.   Comi)let('ly  dissevered,  l)Ui'ied  irregularly, 

20,  31,  !)1,  1. 
Uncertain,  1  !t. 

i\l.  lldiJics  /rilli  jiiirti<i)is  iJ/ss-i'reri'iL  110.  Tlu' 
tond.)  (>r  ]\Ici-a  was  one  ul'  tlie  very  I'ew  wliirli 
contained  any  inscrijition.  The  coiiiii  Avas 
badly  made  of  very  in't'i^nlar  jiicces  of  -wdod, 
with  hollows  stufied  with  rao:,  and  the  whole 
plastered  over.  The  inscriptions  are  in  blue 
upon  it,  and  arc  jjiven  on  pi.  xxviii.  Mera  Avas 
a  priestess  of  Hathor,  with  the  unusual  title 
"  royal  noblewoman."  Some  oflerini^s  upon 
tables  are  roughly  drawn  on  the  inner  side  of 
the  coflin  ;  at  the  head  are  figured  the  vases 
of  the  seven  sacred  oils  ;  at  the  feet  are  four 
granai'ies  with  the  names  and  amounts  of  corn 
written  upon  them,  five  withdi'awing  places  are 
shown,  and  a  fifth  name  is  written  on  the  fourth 
granary.  Just  above  the  head  was  a  solid  block 
licnd-rcst  (pi.  xxxiv.  -I),  painted  and  gi-ainc^d, 
and  with  a  line  of  inscription  of  name  and  titles 
written  upon  it.  The  imusual  painted  l)oard 
(pi.  xxvii.)  stood  upi-ight  on  edge  l)y  the  coflin, 
leaning  against  it,  and  Avith  a  string  still  in 
place  by  which  it  liad  been  liuiig  up.  This 
painted  board,  with  figures  of  servants  preparing 
the  food,  and  of  boats,  seems  to  be  a  substitute 
for   the  wooden  models  of  the   same  subjects 


wliicli  are  so  often  fnuud  in  tonThs  of  this 
age.  The  inscription  on  it  is  important,  as 
giving  the  early  form  of  the  name  of  Memphis, 
mrv,  jiyramid  determinative,  and  vcfcr.  Two 
pairs  of  sandals  Avere  found  (pi.  xxxiv.  5,  0), 
models  made  in  Avood.  A  ])air  in  the  coffin 
Averc  painted  Avliite  and  had  a  back  strap  ;  a 
larger  pair  outside  the  foot  of  the  coffin  had 
no  back  sti'aps. 

Tlie  position  of  the  body  Avas  A'cry  strange 
(see  pi.  xxx\-.).  Tiic  head  fared  Avest,  the  cliest 
Avas  dowiiAvards,  ili<'  Idt  hunnriis  out  of  place 
across  tlu!  l)od\',  but  tlic  bladc-lioiic  in  ])lace 
unmoNcd,  tlic  radius  and  ulna  Avere  h(.)wever  in 
]»lace  straight  down  as  if  the  liumerus  Avas  in 
position.  The  thighs  Averc  crossed,  front  down, 
and  the  shins  turned  up  at  right  angles  Avith  the 
feet  pressed  against  the  cofiin-lid.  The  body 
Avas  dried,  and  skiuAvas  stiff  on  the  joints.  Tlie 
posture  is  most  strange,  and  looks  as  if  it  had 
been  turned  over  Avhile  still  fresh  l)y  laying 
hold  of  the  feet  ;  and  as  the  lid  Avas  shifted  five 
inches  south,  no  fastening  pins  in  place,  it 
might  seem  as  if  it  had  been  plundered.  But,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  complete  and  unbroken  cloth 
lay  spread  completely  over  the  body,  and  if 
plunderers  had  attacked  it,  they  Avould  hardly 
have  spread  a  cloth  over  it  so  carefully,  Avliilc 
tlicy  left  the  feet  sticking  up  in  the:  air.  It  is  a 
strange  case,  but  seems  as  if  the  humerus  had 
bean  dissevered  at  the  burial. 

22.  Body  in  a  finely  made;  Avoodcn  coffin,  in 
chamber  quite  intact,  at  bottom  of  a  deep  well. 
The  Avood  Avas  much  rotted  oAviug  to  the  amount 
of  air  and  the  damp,  and  the  sides  had  collapsed 
and  the  lid  fallen  on  the  body.     I  Avas  the  only 


'i'o.\]i;s  wri'lt  Dr>si':vi';i;i;i)  hodh^.s. 


21 


person  ^\■Ilu  cutercil  fhu  tuiiili.  and  I  clearod  it 
(juitc  alone,  so  that  every  point  was  ascrrtained. 
Position  of  body  was  normal,  on  l)ark,  liead 
north  (sec  ph  xxxv.).  'L'hc  nnkle-honos  lay 
inider  one  thiiili,  and  hetween  the  shins  ;  one 
knee-cap  at  the  liip,  and  one  at  tlie  lower  end 
of  the  shin  ;  a,  few  toes  and  one  aid<le-l>one 
remained  loose  at  tlie  foot  end,  luit  nothing 
joined  to  the  shins  ;  tlie  k'ft  arm  was  hent  nji  at 
the  elhow,  hnt  the  hand  was  cnt  of!'  and  lay 
under  the  elbow.  It  is  elear,  then,  that  hands, 
feet,  and  knee-caps  Averc  cut  ott".  A  head  rest 
lay  under  the  left  thigh,  which  bone  Avas  broken 
across  -it  l)y  the  fall  of  the  lid.  Within  the 
coffin  there  were  no  ornaments,  but  scattered  in 
the  small  rock-chips  beneath  it  Avere  two  or 
three  dozen  pendants  and  beads  of  Hazed 
pottery  (pi.  xxvi.),  together  Avitli  scraps  of  thin 
gold  leaf.  And  in  the  Avell  just  at  the  level  of 
the  top  of  the  doorway  (Avliich  Avas  til'ed  intact 
Avith  stone  blocks)  a  necklace  of  such  pendants 
and  beads  threaded  together  had  l)een  dropped 
dovm.  This  is  the  first  time  such  beads  have  been 
actually  found,  though  they  are  knoAvn  avcU 
enough  figured  on  statues  of  the  Old  Kingdom. 
Half  of  a  hand-made  pointed  pot  lay  in  the 
chanilier. 

"2S.  This  Avas  also  a  perfectly  intact  tomb, 
Avitli  entrance  passage  filled  in  Avith  large 
blocks.  In  a  hollow  in  the  fioor  Avas  a  Avooden 
coffin,  nuich  rotted,  and  a  man's  body  in  it  at 
length.  Tosition  normal.  The  body  Avas  com- 
pletely Avrapped  up  in  linen.  On  opening  the 
Avrappings,  from  the  head  doAvn,  nothing  seemed 
out  of  place  until  the  hands  Avere  fonnd  cut  off 
and  laid  on  the  chest  ;  the  knee-caps  lay  loAver 
doAvn  on  the  body,  and  the  feet  lay  on  the 
stomach.  The  arms  and  legs  Avere  straight 
doAvn,  and  Avithout  any  trace  of  Avrists  or  ankle- 
bones  upon  them.  In  the  chandjer  a  door  led 
to  an  inner  chand)er  Avdth  a  body  more  cut  up, 
described  in  the  next  section,  tomb  27. 

143.  This  tomb  contained  a  fine  coffin,  Avith 
massive  corner-posts,  connecting  bars  top  and 


l)ottom,  and  A'ertical  slips  of  wood  aronnd  the 
outside,  Avitli  a,  lining  of  horizontal  i)]anks 
insi(k'.  The  wliole  Avas  full  of  sand,  and  there 
was  no  lid  ;  so  it  Avas  probal)ly  plundered.  The 
upper  part  ol'  the  body  lay  however  on  the 
bark,  a[i|>arently  undisturbed,  and  the  right 
arin  and  liaud  were  in  complete  articulation, 
but  l)oth  humeri  AA'erc  Jar  out  of  the  joints  ; 
a]iparei:tly  the  arms  had  l)eL'n  cut  out  at  the 
siioulder  blades,  and  laid  liy  the  sides  of  the 
bodv,  Avhich  Avas  that  of  a  larii-e  man. 

Gl.  This  tomb  Avas  opened,  and  the  body 
somcAvhat  disturbed.  But  the  hands  were  not 
on  the  arms,  nor  the  feet  on  the  leirs.  One  Ic"' 
Avas  drawn  up  higher  than  the  other.  The 
pelvis  Avas  back  up.  The  body  Avas  that  of  a 
Avoman  of  about  tAventy-five,  poAverful,  but 
slender. 

(32.)  N.  Hoilic.s  mainlij  dissci:ercd.  21. 
Collin  Avith  thick  square  ends  to  the  lid,  but  all 
rotted  and  fallen  in.  Head  facing  east  (see  pi. 
XXXV.),  body  on  front,  pelvis  back  uj),  toes  to 
east.  The  skull  had  five  vertebrae  attached, 
and  below  that  no  others  near  them,  as  they 
|)ointed  aAvay  to  the  Avest.  One  collar-bone  AA^as 
at  the  le\-el  of  the  elboAvs.  The  right  arm  Avas 
sti'aight  doAvn,  tlie  left  bent  under  the  body,  the 
hands  and  feet  in  place.  Two  loose  A'crtebrao 
lay  above  the  head  ;  three  blocks  of  five  middle 
vertebrae,  five  loAver  vertebrae,  and  two  high 
vetebrac  lay  by  the  pelvis.  Here  it  seems  that 
legs  and  arms  Averc  perfect,  but  the  spine  Avas 
cut  u[)  in  pieces,  and  the  ribs  all  loose. 

27.  In  the  inner  rock  clnunber,  beyond  No. 
28,  lay  another  coffin  in  a  holloAV  in  the  fioor. 
Hie  body  Avrapped  in  linen,  Avas  that  of  a 
Avoman,  position  normal.  The  ulna  of  each  arm 
Avas  removed  from  the  radius,  and  placed  along- 
side of  the  humerus,  the  left  one  inverted.  No 
hands  Avere  left  on  the  arms.  The  spine  Avas 
cut  aAvay  and  inverted,  and  the  ribs  all  loose. 
The  thighs  Averi;  in  joint  Avitli  the  pelvis.  The 
left  foot  and  knee-cap  Avere  in  the  pelvis,  only 
tAvo  heel-bones  being  left  on  the  shin.     The  toes 


DKSIlASlIKiT. 


of  ttic  ri^ilit  foot  wci'O  gone.  Hero  mucli  dis- 
scvcring  is  certain,  and  it  may  he  tliat  more  lind 
been  done  and  reconstituted  again,  as  this  -was 
the  first  dissevered  body  that  I  found  in  a 
tomb,  and  I  was  not  prepared  to  notice  recou- 
stitution  at  tlie  time.  Prolialily  the  arms  Avere 
completely  ]>icked  to  pieces,  and  the  uliin  nn^ 
by  nn'stake  witli  Uio  hunieriis  instead  of  Avitli 
the  radius. 

(33.)  0.  Itodies  rniDjilrlcJi/  tli.^fscrcred  nml 
rcronfii'ttulcd.  23,  This  was  a,  fine  intact  tomb, 
with  more  objects  than  any  otlicr.  The  cnilin 
was  well  made,  Avitli  massive  ends  to  the  lid. 
At  the  back  and  foot  of  it  lav  six  IjowIs  and  two 
broken  up  stands  ;  one  bowl  cniitaincd  white 
l)aint,  and  annther  black  jiaint  (set'  sect.  4(!, 
pi.  xxxiii.  1-7).  Tu  the  coffin  a.  head-rest  lav 
near  the  head  end,  nine  inches  above  the  head, 
Avhich  Avas  almnt  a  fiot  short  of  the  collin  end. 
The  body  of  a  woman  lav  on  its  left  side,  back 
against  the  west  side  and  facing  east.  On 
opening  tlie  wrap])ings,  Avhich  seemed  as  if  tliey 
covered  a  ])erfect  body,  four  vertebrae  Avere 
attached  to  the  skull.  Then  a  plug  of  rolled 
cloth  four  inches  long  made  up  the  neck.  A 
low  vertebrae  lay  before  the  neck.  The  middle 
vertebi'ao  were  inverted  in  position.  v\n  ankl(>- 
bone  Avas  by  the  breast,  a  knee-cap  mnler 
the  shonldei',  toe-bones  by  the  collar-bones, 
and  two  neck  vertebi-ae  lower  doAvn.  The 
I'ibs  Avei-e  all  in  a  jumlile  Avith  loose  verte- 
brae in  the  l>ody.  The  arm-bones  Avere  all  in 
joint  and  attached  to  the  shoiildeis,  bnt  the 
hands  Avere  cut  ofl'  and  laid  on  the  foi-e-arms. 
No  vertebrae  Avere  together  except  the  foni-  on 
the  skull,  and  the  ])elvis  Avas  divided  and  the 
three  bones  laid  toijetlicr  a^•aiu.  The  thi"hs 
Avcre  three  inches  out  of  the  sockets.  I'^acli  leo- 
Avas  Avrappecl  round  sepa,rately  in  a,  thick  mass 
of  linen.  The  right  shin  Avas  turned  edge  down, 
Avhile  the  thigh  Avas  on  its  side;  the  left  knee 
Avas  in  joint.  There  Avas  no  trace  of  ankles  or 
feet  on  the  shins,  bnt  three  inches  to  s])are 
empty  at  the  end  of  the  cotfin.      Here  Ave  see  a 


complete  cutting  up  of  the  Avhole  trunk,  hands 
and  feet,  Avhile  the  liinl)s  do  not  seem  to  have 
been  so  thoroughly  separated. 

II.".  A  long  trench  pit,  Avith  a  long  recess 
chamber  Avest  oC  it.  'I'lie  body  of  a  slight  man 
of  about  tliirt\-  la\'  Avirh  the  head  to  south,  at 
full  li'iigth.  It  Avas  ipiite  undisturbed,  in  pei'fect 
Avrap})ings  <jf  linen.  Xo  vertebrae  Avere  near 
the  head,  but  they  Avere  lying  confused  and  out 
of  order,  tnrne(l  sidcAvays.  The  ribs  Avere  not 
attached,  but  Avere  arranged  neatly  in  a  svm- 
metrical  group  a^tart ;  the  top  rib  Avas  in  the 
pelvis.  The  collar-bones,  blade-bones,  and  arm- 
bones  Avere  in  order,  except  that  the  radius  in 
each  Avas  iiiA'erted  by  the  ulna,  shoAving  that  the 
arms  had  been  completely  i)icked  to  jneces. 
The  hands  Avere  taken  otf,  and  the  end  of  the 
radius  rested  in  the  palm  of  each.  The  pelvis 
Avas  parted  in  three,  but  the  thighs  Avere  still  in 
the  sockets.  Legs  Avcrc  each  SAvathed  separately, 
and  then  sAvathed  together.  The  right  leg 
had  the  splint-bone  parted  from  the  shin  and 
A\'raj)ped  in  cloth  bel'ore  binding  it  on  again  ; 
all  the  ankle-bones  Avere  each  wrapped  in  cloth, 
and  then  recomposed  as  a  foot,  but  out  of  order, 
Avithout  any  toes.  The  left  leg  apjioarcd 
similar,  but  Avas  kept  in  its  Avi'ap})ings  as  an 
exam})le,  and  is  noAv  pi'eserved  in  University 
Colleg(>.  Here  the  Avhole  body  appears  to  have 
been  completclv  dissevered,  and  then  reconsti- 
tuted so  far  as  the  long  bones,  but  Avithout 
knoAAdedge  of  the  exact  order  ;  the  smaller  bones 
Avere  left  anyhoAv,  the  Avrapping  up  of  them 
being  the  main  point  of  att(>ntion. 

I  1.5.  We  have  already  noticed  in  the  previous 
chapter  the  perfect  body  of  a  child  found  in  this 
tond).  AVith  it  Avas  a  comjdetely  dissevered 
body  of  a  inan  (sei^  \)\.  xxxv.),  covered  Avith 
linen  cloth  rpiite  inta(;t.  Within  the  SAA-athings 
of  linen  the  skull  lay  base  up,  facing  the  feet; 
thc!  tAVo  1)la(le-bones  Avere  together,  Avitli  their 
edges  in  thc  curve  of  the  loAver  jaAV.  A  length 
of  tive  A'ertelu'ae  lay  beside  the  skull.  The  arms 
\wvv  placed  parallel  and  slightly  bent,  but  they 


'I'd^nis  WITH  DissMVKiiJon  isodiios. 


23 


were  not  joined  to  tlic  hladc's  ;  there  wove  no 
hands  on  them  ;  and  in  tlie  rii;ht  arm  tlie  nliia. 
was  reversed,  in  tlie  lel't  arm  the  radius,  proving- 
that  they  had  been  completely  picked  to  pieces. 
Tlie  l)reast-bone  and  top  vertebra  were  by  tlic 
pelvis.  Tlie  riljs,  ^■ertebrac,  and  fingers  were 
mixed  together,  pell  mell ;  only  three  pairs  of 
vertebrae  Avere  joined,  tlie  rest  rouglily  in  the 
line  of  the  spine.  The  pehis  was  completely 
disjointed,  the  saci'um  lying  flat  betsvecn  the 
hips.  One  thigh  was  in  the  socket,  the  other 
far  out.  Ankle  and  toe  bones  of  both  feet  were 
mixed  together  between  the  thighs,  about  a 
quarter  of  the  Avay  from  the  head  end.  The 
two  shin-bones  and  one  splint  were  closely 
wrapped  together  \vith  cloth  around  the  lower 
ends  ;  the  other  s[dint  was  l)y  the  thighs.  Of 
the  fingers  and  toes  some  were  between  the 
thighs,  some  in  the  bod)',  some  Ijy  the  knee. 
Here  the  body  seems  to  have  been  cut  np 
thoroughly,  only  a  fcAV  vertebrae  being  left 
together. 

78.  A  trench  tomli,  Avith  a  long  recess  for  the 
body.  It  had  been  opened  by  plunderers,  l)ut 
the  body  Avas  still  in  its  linen  Avrappings.  The 
body  lay  on  edge,  facing  the  Avest.  Beneath  the 
Avrappings  an  ankle-bone  Avas  on  the  breast. 
The  left  arm  Avas  bent  back,  Avith  liand  over  the 
shoulder.  The  right  humerus  Avas  in  place 
under  tlie  body.  The  thighs  Avcre  excised  from 
the  pelvis,  and  Avrapped  up  in  one  roll  Avith 
the  shins  and  right  forearm,  Avithont  any  hand. 
The  knee-caps  were  adhering  to  the  shins  ;  but 
the  splints  Avere  removed,  and  only  one  Avas 
found.  Two  toe-bones  Avere  found,  but  no 
feet. 

142.  A  tomb  in  the  side  of  the  hill  beloAv 
Anta's  tomb.  The  door  leads  to  the  foot  end  of 
a  long  recess  just  the  size  for  the  graA'e,  lined 
Avith  slabs  of  finer  stone.  It  had  been  opened 
by  plunderers.  But  the  bones,  though  a|)i>i-oxi- 
mately  in  jilace,  Avere  all  disjointed;  the  shins 
Avere  almost  np  to  the  place  of  the  thighs,  and 
the   ankle-bones  about  the  body.     If  disturl)ed 


by  jilunderors,  they  Avould  have  dragged  out 
part  ol'  the  body,  or  have  much  misplaced  some 
large  bones.  The  approximate  position  and 
disjointing  of  all  the  bones  point  to  original 
dissevering  at  burial. 

(34.)  W  Jiodin^  complclrJi/  di^.-icnered,  and 
biirird  Irrcijuldvlij.  2G.  A  shallow  ])it  about 
50  ins.  sipiare  and  10  deep,  had  a,  trench  across 
the  bottom  of  it  50  N.  to  S.,  20  E.  to  W., 
covered  Avith  three  big  stones.  In  this  trench 
lay  leg-bones,  arm,  fingers,  blade-bone,  two 
vertebrae,  and  a  bit  of  the  face.  Here  only  a 
part  of  the  ])ody  has  been  preserved,  and  yet 
carel'idlv  buried. 

?>l.  An  open  trench  Avith  loose  bones  at  the 
bottom  of  it  ;  they  AVere  much  rotted,  and  Averc 
not  preserved.  There  Avas  no  order  noticeable 
in  them,  but  cloth  Avas  in  the  grave.  The  pelvis 
Avas  divided. 

'J-l.  A  rock  chaml)er  Avitli  some  small  jars  up- 
right in  the  corners,  of  the  Okl  Kingdom  type. 
A  man's  l)Oues  Avere  lying  confusedly,  two  skulls 
of  Ijoys  in  a  corner,  and  bones  of  a  boy  Avrapped 
ill  cloth. 

1.  A  natural  Avater-Avorn  fissure,  9-12  inches 
Avide,  in  the  surface  of  the  rock,  had  been  cleared 
out  (see  pi.  XXXV.),  and  in  thisAvere  placed,  side 
by  side,  thighs,  shins,  sjilint-bones,  and  arm- 
bones  all  together.  The  jielvis  Avas  entire,  back 
up,  Avith  four  vertebrae  attached,  but  the  outer 
edges  of  the  l)asin  broken  oft".  The  balls  of  both 
humeri  Avere  gone,  having  been  battered  oft"  by 
blows  from  an  instrument  half  an  inch  Avide. 
One  shin,  below  all,  had  both  ends  broken  oft". 
The  blade-bones  Avere  together  Avith  a  fcAV  loose 
verteln-ae,  and  the  head  Avas  at  one  end  of  the 
fissure,  with  the  upper  t>v-o  vertebrae  attached. 
Tliei'e  Avere  missing  ten  A'ertel)rae,  jaw,  fingers, 
and  toes.  All  the  ribs  AVere  broken,  mostly  at 
both  ends.  This  is  tlu^  rudest  kind  of  burial  yet 
found;  and  the  ty[)e  of  the  skull  is  the  lowest, 
in  prognathism,  slant  of  tlie  teeth,  and  retreating 
forehea-d  (st'e  ])1.  xxxvi.,  at  liase). 

Uiu'crtain.      10.   A  burial  had  been  entirely 


21 


DKSIIASllKir. 


(lirust  ixAdv  uii  tin' occasion  u[' :\  h'lunaii  ri'-usc 
of  u  toinl).  It  was  ol'  a  man  alidiit  iliirly. 
Tlioii_i:li  ciiK'  a  i'rw  l)oncs  coulil  lie  rofuvcrcil,  it 
was  certiiiu  that  it  hail  ln't'ii  a  lai-Lidv  dissevered 
l)ody,  wrapped  in  cloth,  as  the  mark  of  clotli 
remained  all  over  the  iiisiile  of  tin:  socket  in  the 
pelvis. 

(35.)  Having'  now  described  the  actual 
hurials  we  can  take  ;i  more  general  \iew  ol'  the 
relation  of  the  treatment  oi'  the  hody  to  the 
luirial  custiim. 


AVith  Collin 
A\'it]iout  cotlin 

JJoilics. 

12 

10 

7 

]!uilii'.«. 

7 
G 

AVitli  head-rest 

o 

"With  pottery 

•] 

.'■) 

In  rock  chaiidiers 
In  recess  i^'raves 

11 
4 

8 

Contracted  position      S  0 

Here  it  is  clear  that  the   nse   of  coHins  or 
open  burial  is  in  just  the  same  in'oj)ortion  with 


peiTecl  as  \\ilii  (lisse\-ered  hudiis:  that  the  use 
of  rock  chandjiTs  with  sipiare  ])it,  or  recessc^  in 
a  Ioul;'  pit,  is  also  just  the  same.  Tliei'e  is  no 
diU'erence  therefore  in  the  ;^'rave.  As  to  the 
fiuicrallurnitui'e,  the  pottery  is  twice  as  common 
with  dissevered  ;is  with  peifect  l)odios,  while  the 
licad-vost  is  only  half  as  connnon.  Ami  as  to 
attitude,  all  (if  tht;  contracted  Ixidits  Avere 
pei'fect.  <  U'  the  ])ottery  a)id  head-rest  tlierc 
an'  hardK'  enuuiih  examples  fir  us  to  Ix;  coi'tain 
(if  an  ini[)iirtaiit  diti'urenco  ;  they  certainly  arc 
nut  peculiar  tn  eitlun-  trc-atment  of  the  bodv, 
and  var\inL;'  in  opposite  dii'ections  they  do  not 
indicate  any  distinct  difTercnce  of  ideas. 

The  p;encral  cdnclusidns  IVdUi  the  details  of 
burial  are,  then,  tliat  there  was  no  diU'erence  of 
outward  customs,  position  in  life,  or  A'iew  of 
propriety,  between  the  families  who  kept  np 
perfect  burial  and  those  who  dissevered  the 
body.  The  disseverance  must  liave  been  a 
pi'ivatc  family  custom,  wliich  did  not  influence 
tlie  jinblic  arr.in^'ements  or  make  any  bar 
visilile  in  social  life.  There  Avas  then  fusion 
and  nnilication  of  society,  and  })resiunably  of 
race,  Avhile  difl'erenccs  of  custom  yet  remained 
as  the  })rivate  traditions  of  the  fanulies. 


CHAPTER  Yl. 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  THE  SKELETONS. 


(36.)  For  tliL'  I'xainiiiatiuu  uf  the  skflctDUs, 
L'acli  Avas  raiX'Tully  cullccti'd,  all  tlic  bimos 
inai-ked,  and  incasureiiu'iits  luado  in  Euiiland. 
There  ■were  altogether  twelve  male  and  IVmr 
female  bodies  ])erfect,  eleveJi  male  and  one 
female  of  uncertain  burial,  and  eiuiit  male  and 
iiv(!  female  bodies  dissevered.  Besides  these, 
nine  skeletons  were  kept  back  at  the  Cairo 
museum,  for  the  measurements  of  Avhich  Ave 
lunst  wait :  fortunately  the  box  detained  did 
not  contain  any  dissevered  bodies,  Avhich  are 
the  smaller  class ;  so  our  loss  of  the  in- 
formation only  impairs  the  better  known 
data. 

First  Ave  shall  deal  with  the  skulls,  and  of 
these  only  the  male  skulls,  for  the  sake  of  com- 
parison. Tlic  determination  of  sex  Avas  not 
only   by   means    of   the    skull,   but   mainly    by 


tint  j)L'l\is.  The  measurements  are  all  in 
millimetres,  and  the  mean  is  stated  by  the 
median  point,  as  in  a  small  amoiuit  of  material 
that  avoids  the  disturl)ance  caused  by  any 
widely  A^arying  examples. 

The  points  measured  are  as  usually  fixed. 
The  measurement  between  the  eyes  is  taken 
just  above  the  suture,  and  fairly  into  the  socket. 
The  direct  chord  length  of  the  frontal  bone  is 
from  suture  to  suture,  nasiou  to  bregma ;  that 
of  the  medial  suture  is  from  bregma  to  lambda. 
The  object  of  this  Avas  to  shoAv  if  the  frontal 
bone  Avas  pushed  forward  by  extension  of  the 
})arietal,  or  if  both  grew  together  in  length. 
Vov  tln^  measurements  of  the  i\Iedum  skulls 
and  skeletons,  now  in  the  College  of  Surgeons, 
London,  I  have  to  thank  Dr.  Carson,  Avho  fully 
measured  them. 


(37.)     ]\Iai,e  skulls  only,  in  JMilli.metuks 


IV-lfcct. 

Cut  up. 

.Ar,:,Uuu   IV. 

MeduiiiXXU. 

Egyiitian. 

Nuw  Kace. 

Algerian 

Length  (liroca) 

188 

185-5 

1S2-5 

182-5 

— ■ 

182-2 

„       (Flower) 

LS4-5 

iso- 

— 

— ■ 

182 

183-5 

— 

Breadth  max. 

13!)-5 

141-5 

138-8 

13IJ-1 

140 

134-G 

137-5 

Biauricular 

I -J  2 

llG-5 

1 1 8-0 

117-0 

— 

118-5 



Height 

13 'J -5 

136-5 

134-7 

128-8 

132 

134 

Basi-nasal 

103 

lUO-8 

lui-u 

U7-5 

100-5 

Basi-alveolar 

UG 

'J  3 

U7-G 

01-4 

!JG-5 

. 

Nasal  height 

54 

51 

51-5 

50-1 

53 

4G-8 

50 

,,      Avidth 

25-5 

24 

24-8 

24-0 

25 

25-t) 

Orbital  height 

33-5 

32 

32-8 

33-5 

33-8 

32-G 

33-2 

„        Avidth 

41-8 

31) 

37-i) 

38-2 

3U-5 

38-4 

3D-8 

Between  eyes 

L'4-5 

24. 

Frontal  length 

llG-8 

113-5 

IMedial  suture 

122-5 

118 

Examples      10  to  12        7  to  8 


'>4 


15 


50  to  80 


20 


DKSITASIIKII. 


Iloro  -we  Imvo  added  tlic  ineasuroiiuMits  of 
tlio  Mcdmn  skidl-i  nf  tlic  IN'lIi  Dviiasty,  those 
of  the  XXriiid  Dviiastv,  tlio  avcraiz-o  of  all 
other  Eii'vptian  in  the  ("olloii-e  of  Surircons, 
the  XcAV  Ilace,  and  tlie  Algerian  dolmen 
bnilder?:. 

Coni])arini;-  tlie  jicrrcct  and  dissevered  bndics. 
wc  see  that  the  perfect  have  a  slight  advantage 
in  everv  dimension,  excepting  the  maximnm 
breadth;  hnt  tliev  have  mnre  advantages  in  the 
l)iauricidar  hi-eadth  than  in  anv  other  dimen- 
sion. Xow  this  me;uis  that  the  t\-pes  of  the 
skidls  are  practical! v  the  same,  excepting  that 
the  ini'ft'ct  l>(i(lies  Avci'e  decidi'dlv  snjierior  in 
the  inherited  featnre  of  the  base  of  the  sknll, 
and  so  did  not  need  so  niucli  of  the  iinliv  idual 
growtli  of  the  parietals  to  enclose  the  bi'ain. 
Tn  short,  the  stock  i^s  the  same  in  both  perfect 
and  cut-iip  bodies;  but  the  perfect  liodies  were 
better  nourished  and  superior  in  ancestrv,  and 
so  starting  fi'om  a  liner  basis  thev  did  not  need 
so  much  indi\idnal  gi-owth.  The  cut-up  bodies 
had  ,1  poorer  ancestrv,  and  reipiii'cd  more 
personal  skuU-gro^vth  to  make  up  i'>>r  that. 
Tins  is  analagous  to  tlio  Cambridge  i-esult,  that 
men  who  afterwards  take  honours  beii'in  with  a 


ages    as    here  tabulated,  avc  see   the   following 
results : — 

1.  The  :\b.dnm  skidls  of  TVth  and  XXTTnd 
Dynasty  are  almost  identical  in  the  larger 
dimensions:  but  in  later  times  the  height  and 
the  facial  parts  liavu  shrunk  three  or  four 
per  cent.,  while  the  eye  has  slightlv  enlarged, 
and  the  ])rofile  become  more  markedly  ortho- 
gnathous, 

2.  Cin  comparing  the  skulls  from  Deshasheh 
in  X\h  l)\-nastv  with  ^reilnm  earl\-  and  late,  we, 
see  tliat  the  earl\'  ^^^.'dum  ai'e  more  bke  the  late 
]\rediim  tlian  like  tlu^  I'arlv  Deshasheh  in  most 
dimensions,  as  length,  breadth,  height,  basi- 
nasal,  and  e\'e  ^vidlh.  In  fact,  oODI.)  \'ears  in 
one  localitv  makes  less  (Unerence  than  thirty- 
five  miles  of  distanee. 

.">.  The  genei'al  average  l^g\-ptian  skulls  from 
all  places  and  times,  as  ])reser\'ed  in  tlie  C'oHegct 
of  iSurgeons,  falls  between  the  variations  of 
classes  at  Deshasheh  and  i\leduin  in  all  dimen- 
sions, except  a  slight  excess  in  orbital  height. 
Hence  this  jMcdum-Deshasheh  tvpe  is  to  be 
taken  as  the  general  Egvptian  tvpe,  and  not 
a,  IocmI  varietv. 

(38.)      V\C  may  next  turn  to  the  pro])ortions 


better  skull  tliaii  jiassmen,  but  grow  le-s  actively     of  the  sknll,  instead  of  the  absolute  dimensions  ; 

comparing  them  by  the  indices,  or  ratios  l>etween 


during  their  coUegedife. 


Comparing  the  skulls  of  various  localities  and 


parts. 


Male  skulls;    [.Ninri'S  (Broca's  leugth) 


I'oifect. 

Cut  up. 

M 

nluni  IV. 

]\rc.lum  XXTr. 

K^'vptiau. 

Xew  K;h;.'. 

AlLjoriati 

Breadth 

7-1-2 

/  t)  o 

7r.-n 

7(i-2 

7.V4(y) 

7  I -SCO 

75-3 

Biauricular 

(i.')-0 

02-9 

ni-c 

(ii-O 

03-3  (?) 

Height 

71-2 

73-2 

73-8 

70-5 

71-8(?) 

71-7 

Nasal 

47 

47 

48 

48 

49 

Early        Lnto. 
'),")    to    .").') 

Oi'bital 

80 

82 

87 

88 

8r. 

s;;  to  SI) 

S;', 

Alveolar 

93 

93 

9G 

94 

95 

!)(•>   to  !)3 

9G 

The  differences  between   the  pi'rfecl.  aii<l  cut-  '  dimensions,  was  due  to  the  iierfcet  bodies  h.aviiu'- 

lip   bodies  are  here   maiidy  in  the  gi-eater  liasal   ;  a,  superior  start  and  then  needing  less  indi\idMal 

breadth  and  less  parietal    Invudtli    of  (lie  skulls  growth  .-inei-wai'ds.      In    Iiiv;idih    (he    Deshasheh 

of  perfect  bodies.     This,   as  -we  jiuli<'ed   in   tiu;  and   .Alednm  skulls  agree  closely  to  the  average 


]\nOASUl!KMl';NT8    OF    TIIK    SKIOLETONS. 


27 


Egyptian  of  vai-ioiis  places  and  dates,  1)nt  the 
New  K,ace  skulls  dill'cr  ,iireatly  (Vom  this  typ(\ 
The  query  only  refers  to  a  small  uncertainty  dne 
to  converting  from  Flower's  leno'th  to  Broca"s 
In.  the  nasal  index  tliere  is  also  a  great  dift'erence 
between  all  tliese  Egyptian  sknlls  and  those  of 
tlic  New  Race.  Tlie  ]\Iediini  tvpe  of  more 
circular  orbits  is  very  marked  in  comparison 
Avith  the  Deshaslieli,  and  agrees  more  to  the 
Egy2)tian  ;  and  the  same  is  the  case  ol'  the 
alveolar  index,  or  prognathism. 

The  general  conclusion  tlieu  is  tliat  the 
Deshaslieh  people,  Avliether  they  kept  up  cus- 
toms of  burying  perfect  or  of  stripi)ing  tlie 
bones,  were  a  unified  population  as  regaixls 
race  and  ancestry ;  and  this  accords  with  Avliat 
Ave  concbuled  from  the  modes  of  burial  in  liotli 
classes.  The  proportions  accord  in  the  inain 
points  Avitli  the  average  Egyptian  type,  Avluch 
is  largely  dnnvn  i'rom  later  skulls  and  fn-ui 
Upper  Egypt.     And  avc   certainly  have  not  to 


do  liei-e  Avitli  any  strange  cnstoms  imported 
Ijy  recentls'-arrived  tril)es  from  other  regions. 
They  accord  fai'  more  Avith  the  Egyptian  than 
tliey  do  Avitli  the  New  Itace  cousins  of  the 
Egyptians. 

(39.)  Next  we  turn  to  the  comparisons  of 
the  skeletons  Avhich  I  liave  excavated  and 
l)rought  to  London  from  j\lednm  (early  IVth 
Dynasty),  Desliasheh  (Vtli  Dynasty),  and  the 
Ne.Av  Kace  at  Na.pida  (Ist-lllrd,  or  else  Vllth- 
LXth  Dynasty).  ()f  these  the  Medum  bones 
(uoAv  in  the  Cohege  of  Snrgeons)  Averc  measured 
by  Dr.  Garson,  Avho  has  kindly  placed  his 
measui'es  at  my  disposal  ;  the  NeAv  llacc  Iwnes 
(still  stored  at  University  (.*(illege)  Aveix;  measured 
by  ]\Ir.  AVarrcn,  Avho  has  also  given  me  the 
use  of  liis  results  ;  and  the  Desliasheh  bones 
(now  at  t'ambridge)  Avcre  mea -.ured  by  myself. 
"a.A-."isthe  a-A'erage  variation  i'rom  the  mean. 
AVe  iirst  deal  Avith  the  al.isolute  dimensions,  of 
male  bodies. 


]\IiLLiArETi;ES.     Malks. 


McJuni. 

D.'s 

liislicli. 

New  Riico, 

lYtli  I)y 

iiiisly. 
a.v. 

I'c.f 

JCt. 

a.v. 

Cut 

up. 
.■i.v. 

jS'acjiida. 

Femiu"  max. 

442 

18 

4G2 

24 

452 

12 

451) 

„       obli(pie 

4-):) 

24 

441J 

14 

45(; 

Tibia  max. 

370 

]'.) 

3,S4 

''2 

3S5 

15 

3SU 

,,     planes 

.  <  • 

33  y 

-J  -1 

3  GO 

IG 

,,     lower  tip 

373 

22 

374 

IG 

3G5 

Fibula 

302 

IG 

355 

11 

370 

14 

374 

Humerus  max. 

3U(i 

]S 

323 

15 

315 

U 

32G 

,,          obliipie 

320 

15 

310 

11 

322 

Radius  max. 

241 

14 

241) 

15 

248 

10 

258 

„      axial 

234 

15 

233 

10 

243 

Ulna  max. 

2  GO 

14 

270 

IG 

2G7 

10 

27G 

,,     axial 

2G2 

17 

2G3 

10 

270 

Clavicle 

145 

11 

151 

10 

15l> 

5 

152 

Sacrum  chord 

W2 

,') 

lOS 

O 

1 03 

9 

97-45 

„       Avidth 

lUT 

•  > 

115 

^) 

108 

3 

110-03 

Scapula  height 

150 

IJ 

1 48 

8 

„        Avidth 

107 

11 

104 

4 

„        infraspinous 

112 

17 

112 

!j 

2S 


i)r:siiAsiii':ii. 


C'oiii[);iriiin-  tln'  priTccL  and  ciit-iii)  liodits,  wo  '.  Inrc-anii.       And    the    ciil-iip    liudics    Iiavi!    Uw. 
see  that  tlic  perfcet   liodics   ai-e   Imiiicr   in    llio     sacrnni    as    small    as    the    Mcdninis.      Tn   sliort, 


fcinur  and  liunierus,  Avliilo  they  arc  the  same 
in  t\u'  tibia  and  radins  :   thcv  ^\'o^('  thus  snpcrior 


the   l\rrilnni   men  were   smaller  alto<>;ethcr   tl 


lan 


the    I) 


csnasuen 


men    hy   almut    tlirec    or    lour 


in  the  upper  lialf  of  eacli   lind),  l)ut  siniihir  in  '  per  cent. 

the  lower  lialf.     The  saei'nm   is   also   lar^^'er   in  '  The  New  Itacc  peo])le  seem   to  liave  l)een,- on 

the    perfect    bodies,    and    the    scapula    a    little  the   other  hand,  taller   than   the  Deshashis,  and 

larger.                                                                               |  especially  lonu-er  in   the  tibia  and  radius;   they 

Comparing  the   Deshasheh   and    the    ^ledum  wei-e  larger  in  the  lower  half  df  eai-h  limb. 

skeletons,    Ave    see    that    the     Deshashehis    an'  i  Compai'ing  now  the  male  and  female  skeletons 

superior  to  the  Medumis  in  tlie  leg  and   nppei-  of    the     jicrfect    and     cnt-u])     bodies,    avc    see 

ann  l)y  about  15,  but  almost  the  same  in  the  i  instructive  dillereuces. 

!ftrii,r,iMETitr;s. 


:\Ii 

1(;  prrffct.            i' 

■male;  jii'iTrct. 

i\l,ili.-  cut  11 

!'• 

.I'duali!  cut  up. 

l'\'nuir  max. 

4(i2 

425 

452 

408 

Tibia  planes 

3S.t 

O  O  i) 

385 

318 

Humerus  max. 

1  oo 

2!)  8 

315 

285 

liadius  axial 

2:u 

222 

211 

Sum  of  limbs 

-1103 

1277 

— 

-1385 

11 

Ulna  axial 

2(i2 

250 

2r)3 

23G 

Clavicle 

J.-.1 

135 

152 

13G 

Sacrum  cliDi-d 

los 

93 

103 

94 

„         width 

115 

107 

108 

109 

Adding  together  the  tirst  four  bones  as  a 
general  limb-value,  the  diffd'ence  in  jierfect 
males  and  females  is  12(1,  or  the  ratio  10:9; 
wdiile  the  ditl'erence  in  cut-up  bodies  is  lt;3,  or 
the  ratio  8  :  7.  So  the  female  was  smaller  in 
])roportion  to  the  male  among  the  cut-up 
bodies. 

Comparing  the  perfect  Avith  the  cut-uj)  liodies, 
the  perfect  males  have  longer  upper  boncis  in 
legs  and  arms  than  the  cut-up,  but  eipial  lower 
bones  (fore-arm  and  shin).  The  perfect  females 
have  longer  limbs  than  the  cut-u|),  beyond  the 
proportion  seen  in  the  men,  but  an  aljsolutely 
smaller  chest  and  saci'um.  In  short,  the  perfect 
females  are  taller  and  slightlv  slendei'er  than 
the  cut-up  females. 

Comparing  males  and  females,  the  perfect 
females  are  shortest  in  the  legs,  especially  in 


th(!  lower  leg,  but  more  nearly  erpial  to  men  in 
the  arm  :  so  they  were  probabl\'  nearly  equal  in 
the  body,  but  short  in  standing,  owing  to  shorter 
legs.  The  cut-up  females  are  shorter  than  the 
men  all  over,  especially  in  the  lower  half  of  legs 
and  arms :  but  they  have  an  absolutely  wider 
sacrum. 

The  ])icture  we  gain  is  that  of  the  females 
being  more  iid'erior  in  the  cut-up  than  in  the 
perfect  group  ;  and  the  cut-up  typo  l)eing 
Avider  and  stouter  Iniilt,  Avhile  the  perfect 
Avere  taller  and  slenderer.  These  differences 
Avould  easily  agree  to  a  loAver  and  higher 
class  of  society,  which  might  yet  be  cipial  in 
ancestry. 

(40.)  isText  Avc  may  compare  the  propor- 
tions ul'  the  bones  according  to  the  usual 
ratios. 


MKA 

SUREMKNTS    OK 

'I'lll'^    SKK\A 

ri'ONS. 

Indices.     Malitk. 

^leiluin  IV. 

To  I  feet. 

Gut  up. 

New  Race 

Intermcrabral 

G75  (?) 

079 

077 

088 

Tibio-femoral 

7.-7  (?) 

789 

788 

801 

Humero-femoral 

091  (?) 

G97 

091 

707 

Radio-luuiR'i-al 

785 

770 

783 

787 

liadio-crural 

288  (?) 

289 

292 

290 

Humero-crural 

387  (?) 

391 

380 

392 

Clavicci-lmineral 

4(i3 

470 

481 

4GG 

Sacral 

]().■. 

lOG 

104 

115 

Scapular 

724 

704 

059 

Infra-spinous 

9G0 

970 

894 

29 


Those  ratios  queried  iu  the  ^ledum  columu 
are  slightly  uncertain,  owing  to  the  ]\[cduiii 
measurements  being  to  points  dilFercnt  from  tlie 
Deshasheh  measurements,  and  so  having  an 
allowance  for  this  difference.  The  results  of 
comparison  seem  on  the  whole  to  be  more  in- 
telligible on  the  aljsolute  measurements,  already 
studied  in  the  previous  section,  as  there  Ave 
have  seen  which  l)onc  it  is  that  varies  ))etween 
one  and  another  class. 

(41.)  Beside  tlic  skeletons  of  the  Vth 
Dynasty,  a  much  larger  amomit  of  material 
was  collected  of  the  Roman  aire.  Here  Ave  shall 
but  treat  of  adult  male  skulls  alone,  as  being 


the  best  and  most  certain  class  of  material  ;  and 

of  such  skulls  we  have  25  from  Deshasheh,  04 

from  Bahsamun,  a  few  miles  north  of  Deshasheh, 

and    OCt    from   Behnesa,   thirty  miles    south   of 

Deshasheh,  already  measured,  and  not  brought 

to    England  ;    Avhilc   a  larger   quantity  of  the 

I  Roman  age,  not  yet  measured,  are  now  placed 

'  at  (.'andjridgc.     The  comparison  of  these  Avitli 

tlie  early  skulls  of  the  Vth  D}-nasty,  nearly  4000 

I  years  before,  and  with  those  of  iMedum  at  tlie 

beginning    of   the    IVtli   Dynasty,   is    of   nnudi 

value.     The    middle    values    for    each    of    the 

I  dimensions    are,    compared    with    those    of   the 

I  earlv  perfect  and  dissevered  bodies:  — 


Millimetres.     Males. 

JZ 

n      M     j\. 

jT. 

Vth 

Dykastt. 

IVtii  ])vn 

Dcsliaslieh. 

T>  ilisiimun. 

Bclmcsa. 

PcTfect. 

Cut  up. 

]\ItMluUI. 

Length  (Broca) 

185 

180-8 

184-9 

188 

185-5 

182-5 

„       (Flower) 

180 

183-9 

181-G 

1 84-5 

1 80-0 

Breadth  max. 

130-5 

138  8 

140-7 

139-5 

141-5 

138-8 

Biauricular 

121 

119 

121-7 

122 

llG-5 

118-0 

Height 

133-8 

137 

131-2 

139-5 

130-5 

134-7 

Nasal  height 

53-0 

54-1 

53-3 

54 

51 

51-5 

„      Avidth 

20 

24.-5 

25-4 

25-5 

24 

24-8 

Orbital  height 

31-1 

31-0 

33-9 

33-5 

32 

32-8 

„       Avidth 

31)-9 

39 

390 

41-8 

39 

37-9 

Basi-nasal 

104 

103 

101-2 

103 

100-8 

101-0 

Basi-alveolar 

9G-5 

9G-7 

95-7 

9G 

93 

97-G 

Here  it  is  evident  that  there  arc  very  small 
differences  between  the  values  in  these  different 


groups. 


And  hoAV  trifling  these  differences  arc 


Ave  may  note  by  considering  that  Ave  haA'e 
already  shoAvn  that  the  perfect  and  cut-up 
skulls    Avcrc     practically    identical.       Vet    tho 


30 


DKSIIASHKII 


cliHerc'iicos  of     the     Ronmn  fi'oin    the    early 

skulls   are  mostly   loss    than  the    insignificant 

(liilerences  between   the   two  classes   of  early 
skulls. 


Next    we    mav    take    the    ratios    of    these 
measuremciifs,    oi'    tlio     iu'.lic('s,     reckoned    as 
usual  :     1)i'i'a(ltli 
Avidth  ^  111 


) 


(1     hciii'lit   -r-   lonuth,    nasal 


-;ht, 


and 
hasi-alvriilar  -^  Ijasi-uasal. 


Indices.    Mai.ks. 
Breadth 
Biauriculni- 
Height 
Nasal 
Alveolar 


J)c.-lia.slii;li. 

70-2 

74-3 

47 

1);V.') 


I!;il.s;iiinin. 

70-1 
C.Vl 
71 -4 
■1.5-I. 


BcliiU'sa. 

77-5 

(;(;•(; 

72-1 
4G-3 
!J4-5 


rciffct. 
70-2 
f;.v7 

74-.S 
'10 

ni. 


Here 


aLfaui 


til 


vomaii  skulls  arc  \'ci'y  noiirlv 
of  the  same  proportions  as  thi;  early  ones;  in 
four  dimensions  the  variations  of  cither  class 
intersect  the  other  class,  the  height  of  the 
Roman  is  slightly  less,  and  the  'mly  real 
difFerence  is  in  the  nose,  Avhich  is  on  the 
avei'age  a  little  narrower  in  the  latrr  sknlls. 
On  drawing  curves  of  the  varieties  their  I'ange 
and  character  is  soon  to  he  ivally  identical. 
And  wu  thus  reach  the  very  important  con- 
clusion that  there  has  1)een  no  distinct  change 
in  the  main  eleinonts  of  the  skull  lietween  the 
Yth  Dynasty  and  Ifoman  times  in  this  district. 
To  obtain  such  a  proof  of  the  continuity  and 
general  uniformity  of  the  i-ace  in  ■Middle  I'^gypt 
is  a  matter  of  great  ■weight.  It  implies  that 
the  disturbances  of  invasions  have  not  seriously 
altered  the  l)alance  of  physical  characteristics. 

Now  another  question  becomes  of  crucial 
importance  when  we  have  thus  settled  the 
fixity  of  the  l^gyptian  type  Ihto.  This  tvj)(^ 
is  practically  identical  with  the  average  of  all 
the  skulls  of  all  dates  and  jjlaccs  from  I'lgvpt, 
as  we  see  in  the  last  column.  It  is  therefore 
the  average  ]']gy})tian  type  whose  fixity  we 
have  proved  in  one  localitv.  And  hence  we 
have  a  strong  fixed  p^int  with  Avhicli  to  com- 
pare the  New  Race  skulls.  Some  oJ'  I  lie  dimen- 
sions and  indices  are  of  no  value  as  distinctions, 
since  they  are  much  the  same  in  all  fnir  classes, 
the  New  Race,  the  IVtli  Dynasty,  the  Yth 
Dynasty,  and  the  R-omaii.  Rut  some  indices 
are  of  distinctive  importance,  as  lor  instance — 


I.vnicics. 
r.rendth 
AK'eolar 
Nasal 


Cut  up, 

77  "5 

7  (;•.') 

43 

92 

New  I  lace. 

71-S 


^reJiiiu. 

70-0 

r,4-s 
7;)-s 

4S-1 
0  .")■!) 

]\'tli  liyu.   Vtli  liyii. 

7(;-()       7(i-;; 

!)5-!)  04 

4S-1  48 


E^'y])ti;iu. 

70-9 

72-4 

lO-o 

KoMKin. 

7(V(; 

94 

■in-2 


In  these  cases  the  mean  breadth  and  nasal 
indices  are  in  tlie  New  llace  almost  beyond  the 
limits  of  tli(^  l']gvptian  \arieties;  and  in  the 
alveitlar  index  there  is  a  distinct  ditfercnce 
between  the  New  Race  and  the  Egyptian  of 
the  Yth  Dynastv  and  Roman  time. 

The  force  of  this  result  bears  stronglv  on  the 
(piestion  of  whether  the  New  Race  ]X'ople  Avere 
the  pi'eliistiiric  ancestors  of  the  Egyptians,  or 
whether  they  were  intrusive  invaders  of  a 
dijferent  type.  If  they  Averc  the  immediate 
ancestors  of  the  (_>ld  Kingdom  Egyptians,  avc 
should  be  rerpiired  to  believe  that  Avithin  a 
thousand  years  large  and  distinctive  changes 
occurred  in  the  type  of  l']gyptian  skull,  Avliile 
in  Ibiir  tliiiusmid  vears  latei' no  such  dillcrence 
tiM)k  ])luce.  This  Avuuld  lie  a  very  im])robable 
stall'  of  things.  Tiie  pei'manence  of  the  type 
in  historic  times  is  a  strong  evidence  that  a 
different  type  must  belong  to  a  different  body 
of  people.  This,  howcN'or,  Avoiild  not  be  incon- 
sistent Avith  the  two  classes  being  allied,  and 
till'  diflei'ence  being  due  to  an  admiKturc  Avith 
another  I'ace.  In  this  case,  if  the  Ncav  Race 
Eil)yan  Avas  the  cousin  of  the  l'>gy[)tiau,  it 
Avould  seem  that  a  I'ace  Avith  more  slender  nose 
— perhaps  Arab  or  other  Semite — had  mingled 
with  them  to  form  the  normal  Egyptian. 


31 


CHAPTER    VII. 


MINOR    OBJECTS. 


(42.)  Sonic  of  the  minor  objects  found  h;ivo 
liccn  alivaily  clcscril>c(I  in  connection  with  the 
burials,  such  as  the  amulets  (sect.  20),  i'lu- 
niture  of  Meni  (sect,  ol),  l)ea(ls  (sect.  :M),  cul)it 
(sect.  -l-l). 

There  had  ])rul_)aljly  l.)een  many  Avooden 
statues  like  those  found  at  Saq(|ara,  but  such 
Avould  naturally  be  used  up  as  AVood  by  the 
aucicut  plunderers.  Two  feet  Avere  found,  one 
nearly  life-size,  the  other  smalle]-,  showing  how 
much  ]nore  had  been  destroyed.  A  life-size 
liead  Avas  found,  which  had  Ijcen  roughly 
chopped  off  the  body,   and   greatly  Aveathered, 

so  that  hardly  any  fea- 
tures remain.  A  iigure 
Avithout  feet,  :30  ins.  higli, 
lay  in  the  sand  Avhich 
tilled  the  Avell  of  tondj 
10:5  (pi.  xxxii.  9)  ;  it  is 
Aveathered  and  cracked, 
l)ut  has  been  of  fine  A\\)rk. 
It  is  remarkable  as  being 
a  uude  fiii'ure  :  there  is 
only  one  such  yet  knoAvu 
among  the  ka  statues, 
namely,  that  in  limc- 
ston.e  at  Cairo.  Another 
Avooden  tigui'c,  also  greatly 
Aveathered,  Avas  found  in 
another  pit;    it  Avears  the 


j 

i 

{\ 

i 

H 

^r''fe 

■■Iv' '   ' 

rei 

'..!,*' 

;  16    ' 

JM 

^4jL 

VVUUDICN'    FluUilE. 


triangular     kilt,     and     is 


22  ins.  hiirh. 

(43.)      Clothing  Avas   I'umid   in  many  of  the 

tombs.     In   the  plundered   tombs   it  Avas  often 

half  pidled   out,   and   iu  the  unpluudercd  ones 

there   were    such   large   ipiantities  of   it    as    to 


suggest  that  it  Avas  oiu'  of  the  main  objects  of 
the  ])lundercrs.  In  the  unopened  tond)s  the 
presence  of  air  had  oxidized  the  lini'ii,  mostly 
to  dark  brown  or  black,  and  made  it  cither 
powdery  or  st.)  lu-ittle  that  it  could  scarcely 
be  imfolded  ;  but  Avlu'i'e  tlic  tombs  had  been 
o[)ened  and  iiUed  up  A\'ith  sand,  the  clothing 
Avas  often  iu  almost  perl'ect  state.  There  Avcre 
the  roller  bandatres  on  the  bodies,  the  larffc 
liucn  cloths  laid  over  all  as  a  ■windiiiir-slicct, 
and  stores  of  clothing  dejjosited  Avith  it,  both 
made  up  and  in  long  pieces. 

The  ]nost  com})lete  outfit  Avas  in  a,  solid  bh)ck 
colHn,  toml)  l-iSA.  The  body,  Avrapped  u]),  lay 
fixed  with  some  jiitcli,  and  oAX-r  it  all  the  space 
Avas  filled  Avith  clothes.  The  made-up  shirts 
Avere  all  of  the  outline  shown  in  pi.  xxxa'.  They 
consist  of  one  piece  of  stuff'  from  Avaist  to  feet, 
lapped  round  and  sewn  down  the  edge ;  to 
that  arc  sewn  on  two  })ieces  passing  over  the 
shoulders,  and  continued  out  into  long  sleeves. 
The  gap  at  front  and  back  Avas  closed  liy  tying 
Avith  three  pairs  of  strings  before,  and  the  same 
behind.  Tlie  narrow  sleeve  has  in  some  cases 
a  sort  of  fin  of  loose  stutf  left  beloAV  it:  this 
Avas  originally  a  surplus  left  for  letting  it  out, 
but  it  Avas  so  frcipieut  as  to  suggest  that  it  had 
Ijecome  ornamental.  It  is  remarkable  that  not 
one  dress  Avas  foiuid  of  the  form  shown  on 
the  monuments,  with  shoukler-straps  ;  but  the 
actual  form  seems  to  ha\e  been  developed  out 
of  that  by  extension  of  the  shoulder-straps 
alonff  the  arms.  Hence  the  monumental  dress 
must  have  been  only  an  artistic  survival  in  the 
Old  Kiutrdom.  Tlie  form  of  this  actual  tlress 
is    very    closely    tlie    inodcru    (jalal/iijch  of   the 


DKSllASllini. 


Finn  stiifF 


E;iyptian  men  ;  tlio  narrow  IkkIv  and  very 
ti^^lit  sloovcs  arc  in  just  tlic  same  stvli'.  Alto- 
gether seven  sucli  sliirts  were  found  in  this 
coffin. 

Lpnt,'lh  of  .skirl.     Lniiglli  luhil. 

4?>  5  11 

4S^  (i(H 

54  05. t 

and  two  coarse  sliirts  too  rotted  to  uiifold. 

Two  others   Ibund   elscwhci'c,   and  preserved 
white,  are : 

Loiigtli  of  i-kirt.     LongUi  tiil  il,        Widlli. 

Fincstuft'  48  5!J  IG 


Wiiltli. 
22 

2;i 


Coarse  stufT 


Very  open  stufl' 


50 


18 


The  stran^ii'C  jjoint  is  the  i;'reat  K'n^tli  of  these 
— most  of  them  over  5  ft.  from  the  shoiddi'r  to  i 
the  hem.  Such  ■would  uccil  a  ])erson  at  least 
C)  ft.  high  to  wear  them  well  clear  of  the  foot, 
and  in  sculptures  the  dress  (hx's  not  even  reach 
the  ankle.  The  lungest  here,  5  ft.  S.l  ins. 
could  not  be  worn  hy  a  person  under  I!  ft.  7  ins. 
high.  The  natural  explanation  would  he  that 
the  di'css  Avas  (h'awn  up  loose  over  a  girdle; 
hut  against  this,  no  such  f  »i-m  is  known  on  the 
inonumcnts,  nor  is  there  any  trace  of  the  creases 
or  wear  which  such  a  girdle  Avould  produce. 

Beside  the  sliirts  some  large  pieces  of  stuffs 
were  placed  in  the  coffin,  ]4SA.  These  are 
uniforndv  made  Avith  a  selvedge  at  onc^  side 
and  a  fi-inge  at  the  other;  the  ends  arc  rolled 
in  and  overcast.     The  j)ieces  measure  — 

28  ft.  10  ins.  long,  47  ins.  wide. 
••^O  „      2    „       „■'    45    „        „ 
(Unknown  length)  44    ,,        ,, 

The  first  of  these  had  a  patch  neatly  sewn  into 
one  corner  15,}  long  and  7.}  wide,  showing  that 
it  had  been  actually  used  as  a  wrapper.  Smaller 
pieces  arc  — 

8  ft.    2  ins.  long,  31.  ins.  wide. 
7  „  11    „       „      ol< 
40    „ 


f;:i  „ 


51 


The  bodv  and  colliu  of  this  t(vnl)  were  kept 
at  the  Caii'o  ]\Iuseuni. 

Anothei'  tond)  containing  nnich  (dothing  was 
th;it  of  the  amidets.  Xo.  117  (sec  sect.  25). 
0\'cr  tin:  ])odv  was  (1)  a,  shawl  S  !■  x  ?>Ct  ins., 
(2)  a  mass  of  kilted  stuff  S,\  ins.  deep,  (;'.)  an- 
other piece  of  stuff,  (I)  another  jiiece  of 
kilted  stull"  on  the  bodv,  (5)  nmch  blackened 
powderv  stull",  ((!)  Ilnclv-pleatcd  kilt,  beside 
six  or  eight  other  articles  too  rotted  to  de- 
termine. Under  the  head  was  a,  mass  of  linen 
cloth  4.  iucdies  thick,  and  fohU'd  HI  x  12  ins.,  as 
a  i)illow. 

■Most  of  the  graves  containing  bodies  had 
more  or  less  cloth  preserved.  The  character 
of  it  varies  very  much.  The  woof  is  usually 
(jid\'  half  as  (dose  as  the  warp,  tlu'  usual  make 
of  l'-gvi)rian  linen.  The  finest  is  03  x  44. 
thi'enils  to  the  inch,  and  near  the  edge  of  the 
I)iece  it  is  made  stouter  up  to  148  to  the  inch. 
A  fine  linen  handkei'chief  of  the  present  time  is 
about  Of)  to  the  iucji  each  wa\'.  A  \'ery  close- 
textured  stuff  v^-itli  full  threads  is  7  I- x  20,  and 
othei's  50x30  and  58x18.  A  line  delicate 
stull",  almost  transparent,  is  72  x  30  threads.  A 
very  loose  open  stull"  is  of  line  thread  48x22, 
through  vrhich  the  limbs  would  be  clearly  out- 
lined ;  the  wai'p  is  grouped  so  as  to  give  a 
striped  effct  of  close  and  open.  The  most 
open  stull"  of  all  is  1.")  x  lo  threads  to  the  inch, 
of  fine  thread  ;  it  scarcely  shades  objects  beloAV 
it,  and  is  evidently  the  stuff  called  "fishing- 
net,"  in  Avhicli  the  damsels  of  the  palace  Avcnt 
to  row  king  Sneferu  about  on  his  lake.  NonK 
of  these  stuffs  are  as  fine  as  the  royal  linen  of 
the  Vlth  Dynastv,  because  they  arc  only  the 
connnon  products  used  by  ordinary  people; 
yet  they  are  as  fine  and  finer  than  our  present 
Aveaving. 

(44.)  Two  unfiiushed  graves  Avcre  foimd, 
Avhicdi  contained  the  Avorkmen's  tools  left  1)C- 
hind,  buried  in  sand.  In  80,  at  12  ft.  deep, 
there  Avcre  several  A\'oodcn  mallets  and  Avooden 
chisels,  Avhich  had  been  used  to  excavate  the 


MINOR    OBJECTS. 


33 


gravel,  here,  hard  and  marly,  so  that  it  liolds 
firm  in  upright  sides  without  crumhling.  These 
chisels  (pi.  xxxiv.  15-18)  Avere  8  to  21  ins.  long. 


Mallets  and  Wooden  Chisels. 
Used  iu  digging  grave.s  throiigU  liarj  gravels. 

and  show  very  little  breaking  at  the  j^oints, 
though  the  heads  are  sometimes  much  knocked 
over.  The  mallets  (pi.  xxxiv.  13,  14,  IG)  are  11 
to  1 3  ins.  long,  and  nre  very  little  worn ;  being 
quite  different  from  the  masons'  mallets,  which 
l)ecome  deeply  cut  i\^YaJ  by  working  on  metnl 


Mallets  used  iiy  iSionecutter.s. 

chisels  (pi.  xxxiv.  10-21).  A  head  of  a  mallet 
9  X  '■]  ins.,  with  a  hole  1-^  in.  wide  in  it,  shows 
that  the  compound  cross-head  mallet  was  used 
then.     With  the  mallets  and  chisels  were  two 


baskets,    which   had    been    used    to    move    the 

gravel  cut  in  working ;  ( me  was  probably  used  to 

collect  the  gravel 

iu      (pi.     xxxiv. 

2,  3),  the   other 

with  cords  to  it 

(1)  was  used  to 

haul  up  the  stuff" 

to     the    surface. 

A     quantity     of 

palm  -  fibre     and 

papyrus  cord  -was 

lying  with  these. 

The  make  of  the 

baskets  is  that  of 

the   Xul)ian   and 

ancient    liaskets, 

as   seen   on    the 

servants'  heads  in 

the   early  sculp - 

tin-es;  in  Roman 

and  modern  times 

plaited  palm-leaf 

has      supplanted 

this. 

In  another 
grave,  No.  109, 
about  .5  ft.  deep, 
there  lay  more 
mallets  and  chi- 
sels, and  a  long 
piece  of  rope  at 
the  north  end ; 
with      a      lonir  - 

O 

handled  mallet 
witli  cross -head 
(pi.  xxxiv.  IG)  at 
the  south  end, 
made  in  one 
piece. 

Masons'  mal- 
lets were  found 
scattered     about 


Basket. 
[Left  behind  liy  grave-diggers.  Vth  Dyn. 


! 

\ 
1 

! 

i 

I] 

ft 

^-         ■ 

1  j 

I  \ 

1\  ^ 

/    i 

J 1  - 

'  ^^k 

L^sw^    - 

K  (    ■ 

.y^ft 

wL-i 

1 

1 

..4 

Basket  and  Rotes. 
Left  behind  by  grave-diggere.  Vth  Dyn 


in  various  places — none  in  important  positions. 

D 


:!4 


DKSnASnEIT. 


They  wore  i'Oi|uii'e<l  for  excnvntinir  the  lime- 
stone rock  under  the  ,<;-rnvels,  wlieii  ihv.  deep 
pits  were  sunk.  The  softer  |);irts  of  the  rock 
wore  cut  tln'oiiiili  -^lini-plN'  ;  ;inil  snuie  vei'y  toui^'h 
str;it;i    were     Im-lieil     ;i\v;iv    \\i(h    henvv    stmie 


Frnijnicnts  of  n  similar  palette,  o-reatly  rotted, 
were  found  -with  a  plain  Made  of  copjier,  aud 
])arts  of  a  liead-i'esi  wiili  Ihited  stem,  in 
tMinl,  1  17. 

Tlie    lie;ld-]'ests    ai'e    (jf    \ai'ii>ns    tA'pes.       ^[jiuv 


uiauls  (12  ins.  loii^-  hy  ('>  iiw.  ilwck)  swuul;-  l)y  a  .  are  s^lid   hldcks,   f)und   in   tond)s  J>,  20,  ftS,  95, 


rope,  leaving  a  sort  of  roui^h  dia]ihi-aL;-ni  in  flie 
shaft,  owinii,-  to  the  diliicnU\'  of  eiitt  inn'  out 
shar])ly.  In  several  <if  the  clKunhers  below 
Rharpcnin_i:--stones  were  found — blocks  of  (piartz- 
ite  sandstone  about  o  x  '■)  ins.,  with  i^-reen  si;ains 
of    the    rtdjliin^    of  cojiper    tools    ujiou    them. 


1  I  ('),  and  I ')  I  ;  these  are  not  necessarily  of  poor 
tombs,  as  block  1  l(j  is  Mei-a's,  L;-rained  to  imitate 
precious  wood,  and  inscribed  (see  pi.  x.xxiv.  •], 
10).  The  better  kno\vii  t\'|)e  is  witli  an  upright 
circular  stem;  this  is  sometimes  in  one  piece  (as 
tomb  !)l-2,  })1.  xxxiv.  8),  but  more  generally  in 


In  tond)  2\  tlie  marks  of  the  i)ick  oi'  chisel  in  :  three  ])ieces.  as  in  tondis  2?),  -12,  85,  91-2,  105, 
the  softer   parts   shoAvei]    if   to   be   alionf    1    in.      1-0,  117,   I-ISA.     Of  these   three  are   fluted   up 


^^^—^^^^0 


'.« 


5  '  6 

TrKAIl-RKST    AND    SaXPALS    Or    ]\rKI!,l. 

wide,   tapei-ing  to   .V  in.    at   the    cutting    edge; 
probably  by  this  tai>er  it  Avas  a  heavy  pick. 

(45.)  \'ei-\-  little  funeral  fiu'inturc  was  found 
in  the  toud)s.  Two  scribes'  ])alettes  were  pre- 
served. One  in  tond)  S.5  was  in  sufficiently 
good  state  to  show  tlic  details  (i)l.  xxxiv.  11);  it 
was  made  in  t\vo  layei-s,  for  the  ease  of  cutting 
the  i)aiut-lioles  and  the  reed-liolder,  like  the 
J.alette  of  the  sci-il)e  of  Khe-ty  (IXth  Dynasty) 
in  the  Louvre.  The  black  colour  Avas  at  the 
end,  the  red  was  tlu'  Ioavci'.  It  was  liroken 
across,  being  much  decayed;  the  tomb  had 
been  opened  and  re-used  f  ,i-  lloman  nunnmies. 


Vauious  Tvi'Ks  of  ITkad-uksts. 

the  stem,  Xos.  23,  117,  148A.  In  pi.  xxxiv. 
iVo.  4  is  IVom  to)nb  1  1  (i  (Mera),  No.  7  from  S5, 
No.  S  fi'om  91-2  (two  pits  run  together  into  one 
chamber,  with  two  head-rests  in  it),  No.  9  from 
105  (Nenkheftek),  and  No.  10  from  tomb  20. 

In  two  graves  ])apyrus  oi-  I'eed  boxes  were 
found.  In  No.  100,  chandjei-  W.  of  well,  the 
bones  lay  coidhsedly  at  the  N.  end,  with  a  {q\\ 
small  cylindi-ical  stone  beads  glazed  green,  like 
those  in  ])1.  xwi.  2S  ;  at  4  to  10  inches  up  in 
the  filling  of  the  chambei-,  south  of  the  bones, 
lay  a  coffin  of  reeds  and  rope.  As  there  Averc 
no    bones    in    it,   nor    any  others   in   the  toml) 


MINOR    nri.TKCTS. 


except  the  primaiy  iiitcnnout,  it  is  iilmost 
certain  that  the  coffin  is  of  the  Vth  Dynastv. 
In  Nu.  TO.J,  cluniihiT  ^Y.  ,,f  m^ll,  the  l.odv 
lay  (li;i,i;Mnally,  licad  N.N.1<].,  not  cut  up, 
and  wra|)pcd  in  clotli  like  all  tlic  (itlicr  Vth 
Dynasty  burials.  Tartly  ])eneath  it  Avcrc  four 
boxes  of  pajiyrus  steins  bound  Avith  i^alni  ropo 
(pi.  xxxiv.  12),  and  a  mat  <>['  rccds  standing  on 
end  in  the  well.  Two  jai's  (pi.  xxxiii.  22)  lay 
in  the  N.E.  corner. 

In  tlie  first  northern  spur  of  hill  a  false  door 
of  a  tomb  was  found  cut  in  the  hill-side.     On 


1-a).  At  the  bottom  was  1  with  Avhite  paint  in 
it,  then  4  with  a  litth'  white  paint  twisted  up  in 
rag-,  then  2  with  liUiip-IiliRdv  paint,  and  then 
two  Ijowls  like  ").  V>y  the  side  ul'  these  lay  the 
lai'o-e  l)owl  o,  and  I'urthcr  on  the  hiri;-e  platter  (;  ; 
while  tu-o  stands  like  7  lay  broken  iqi,  at  the 
side  and  end  of  tlio  cotiin.  Tlierc  Avas  no  pot- 
tery inside  the  coffin.  In  Nenkheftka's  tomb. 
No.  73,  were  two  bowls  and  an  egg-shaped  jar 
(10,  n,  14).  In  SI  were  four  jars  of  type  17, 
and  a  Ixiwl,  type  11).  lu  !J3,  at  the  soutli  end 
of  the  chaiiib 


er,  stood  three  jars,  typo  21,  witli 


1'alette  of  a  Scriuk. 


Papyrus  Ijaskkt. 


the  iliior  in  front  of  it  lay  a,  reed  mat, 
43  X  (10  ins.,  partly  i-olled  up;  and  by  it  a 
rough  pottery  pan  8  ins.  across  and  5  deep. 
This  was  evidently  tlie  mat  for  olferhigs  and  tlie 
vase  which  stood  on  it,  exactly  as  represented 
in  the  liieroglvph  Itclrp,  shown  in  detail  at 
Medum. 

(46.)  Not  much  pottery  was  found  in  tlu' 
tombs.  The  largest  set  Avas  with  the  cut-u]) 
body  23  in  a  wooden  coffin.  Behind  the  coffin 
in  the  chamber  was  a,  pile  of  l)owls  (pi.  xxxiii. 


conical  ca})s  of  clay;  on  opening  them  they 
were  found  to  contain  only  rough  lumps  of  Nile 
earth.  In  104  were  two  jars  of  type  22  in  the 
N".E.  corner.  In  112  a,  jar,  type  12,  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  l)ody,  at  the  N.E.  corner.  In  113, 
where  the  body  was  very  elaboratel}'  cut  u]),  a 
jar  of  type  16  lay  at  the  west  of  the  feet,  with 
mouth  to  north.  In  127  stood  six  jars  of  type 
15,  with  mud  caps  upon  them,  and  two  great 
mauls  of  quartzosc  stone.  These  stood  in  the 
Avell,    2G    ft.    deep,    a    slight    beginning    of    a 


D    2 


3G 


DESHASIIKII. 


chamber  liaviii<i'  ]>vvn  uukIi'  on  the  west ;  uiueli 
brown  orsjanic  matter  was  liv  tlicin,  ])ut  no  dis- 
tiiiii'uislinble  lioiies.  The  iar  (if  Aiita.  is  dcscrilKMl 
in  sect.  4. 

Somo  pottery  of  the  XVITTtli  Dynasty 
was  also  i'onnd  in  sccondarv  l)urials,  cacli  sucli 
occurrence  being  obviously  not  the  primary 
interment.       In    tombs   -14   ami    1'2    wci'o    the 


forcig-n  vases  '2.'j-2(i,  appari'utly  of  I'ali'stiuian 
make,  lieing  like  Cypriote,  l)ut  clearly  not 
actually  made  in  Cvprus,  a<'coi-(liiig  to  the 
judgment  ol'  my  iViend,  Mr.  d.  L.  Myres. 
who  knows  the  details.  The  Ixu-ials  are  de- 
scribed in  Chapter  YIII.  A  })aii,  iig.  8,  of 
this  same  age,  was  hing  hall'  down  the 
pit   S8. 


37 


CHAiPTEE    A^III. 

SECONDARY    BURIALS. 


(47.)  Wu  liiive  so  far  uiily  cuiisidered  tlie 
priniary  l^iirials  of  the  Vth  Dynasty,  the  period 
■when  all  the  tunil>s  were  made.  The  bones 
belonging  to  the  earlier  age  ai'e  ah\^ays  by 
their  liiJ-htuess  and  absence  of  ori;anic  matter 
distinguished  from  the  Roman  secondary  in- 
terments. The  mode  of  ^vrapping  is  also  a 
conclusive  difference,  the  Ronum  bodies  being 
swathed  A\dth  cross  pattern  of  narrow  strips 
outside.  A  few  bui^ials  of  the  XVIIIth-XlXth 
Dynasty  also  occurred,  and  these  we  notice  first. 

The  most  important  secondary  burial  was 
No.  44,  in  a  rock  cluujdjer.  The  earlier  l)ones 
were  scattered  on  one  side,  with  Ijits  of  Vth 
Dynasty  pottery,  and  the  calf's  leg  of  the  otter- 
ing ;  bats'  bones  lay  over  these,  showing  that 
the  tomb  had  stood  open  for  some  time.  Then 
there  was  laid  out  at  full  length  another  body, 
unite  perfect,  on  its  back,  liead  north,  upon  a 
mat  wliich  overhiy  the  layers  of  bats'  bones. 
At  the  head  of  the  body  wei'e  two  large  jars, 
and  between  them  two  little  Palestinian  vases 
(pi.  xxxiii.  25,  2l!).  The  head  had  slipped  off 
a.  head-rest  "with  square  stem,  usual  in  the 
XVIilth  Dynasty,  but  unknown  in  the  earlier 
times.  At  the  left  side  was  a  throAS'-stick,  and 
the  long  neck  of  a  lute,  inlaid  with  the  signs 
aah  dad  in  i\'or)',  which  had  fallen  out  and  were 
noted  in  position  on  the  ground.  At  the  right 
side  lay  the  body  of  the  lute  with  leather  on  it, 
and  a  cubit  of  wood.  All  of  this  wood  was  so 
much  rotted  ))y  lying  in  the  air  of  the  chamber 
that  it  could  not  Ije  lifted  in  leno'ths  of  more 
than  two  or  three  inches,  as  any  longer  piece 
broke  with  its  own  Aveight.  Before  exposing 
the  pieces  of  tlie  cubit   to  shrinkage,   by  losing 


the  slight  moisture  of  the  I'ock,  it  was  measured 
at  once.  The  divisions  on  it  were  thus,  in 
inches : — 


End 


Cuts. 


l,i-;) 


5-S 


End 


1H7 
17  ■!_).") 
iy-S5 
20'05 
L'1'J5 

26-15 


-  ..  J 

—  1-25 

—  1-9 


1  y 

l-O.i 
315 


3-15 


o  L.) 


2G-15 

Thus  it  was  a  cubit  of  2(rl.')  inches  di\ided  into 
two  feet  of  13'U7  (^varying  12'65  and  13-5),  and 
one  ibot  divided  into  four  palms  of  3' 15  each. 
This  corresponds  Avitli  cidhts  ibuncl  at  Kahuii, 
of  the  Xllth  Dynasty.  One  of  these  A\as  26'43 
divided  into  two  feet  {Kalnni,  p.  27);  the  other 
was  actually  25*67,  but  worn  greatly  at  the 
ends,  and  by  the  average  divisions  probably 
26"88  originally  {Illuhnn,  p.  14).  Both  of  these 
Kahun  cubits  are  divided  into  seven  palms,  and 
not  into  eight  as  here.  There  are  then  three 
examples  of  this  cubit : — 

Kahun,  Xllth  Dynasty  26  43 

„  „  „  2G-8S?, 

actually  25-67. 
Deshasheh,  XVII  Ith  Dyn.      26-]  5 


;J8 


i»i:siiAsiii';ii. 


;iii(l  this.  (Ii\i(lc(l  into  two  ll'i't,  I  |ii'ii|i(isc(l  to 
coiiiiect  with  ilir  Asi:i  Minm-  limt  df  l.'i'L'  or 
culiit  of  Lir)-.l.  It  is  sin-iiificaiit  tliat  Kaluiii 
contained  rorci^iicis,  and  lioi'O  this  cubit  lav  in 
tlu'  tonili  uhich  had  I'lircinn  |i(itt('r\'.  All  nf 
tlu'  AVooilcn  <il>j('cts  Avci'c  naiioNcd,  and  the  IVaLi'- 
nients  coated  witli  iiu'lted  wax  to  preserve;  fheui  : 
thus  tht'v  can  l)e  built;  up  ayaiii  in  Eugland,  frail 
as  tlicy  a  1-0. 

Anothei-  liurial  of  tlu!  same  a^e  was  hali'-wa-}' 
down  the  deep  tomb  well  No.  12.  The  well  had 
been  hall'  ch^ai'ed,  a.  recess  cut  on  the  west  sidi' 
to  widen  it,  and  then  two  coHins  buried  one 
■with  head,  the  other  with  feet  in  the  I'ocess. 
With  these  were  many  jars  and  ]ians  of  the 
XA'Iirtli  Dynastv  ;  in  the  southern  eollin,  liy 
tlic  Ici^'s.  lay  a  long  I'cd  jar  of  Phd-nician  tvpe, 
l)ut  poorci-,  smaller  and  duller  than  usual,  and 
])i-ol)ably  a.  Palestinian  imitation  (pi.  xxxiii.  !'.">), 
and  two  bhud^  pottery  \'ases  {'2  !•),  such  as  are 
known  (Vom  (Jiu'ob,  with  an  alabaster  kold-pot. 
The  coilins  were  slight,  plain,  and  rectangular, 
without  ornament.  AH  the  wood  and  bones 
Avere  too  much  rutted  to  be  moveable. 

A  little  deposit  of  the  later  age  was  in  the 
shallow  pit  leading  to  tomb  SS.  About  the 
level  of  the  top  of  the  doorway  was  a  pan  of  the 
JKVlIIth  Dynasty  in  the  middle  (pi.  xxxiii.  8), 
fVaginents  of  jars  of  that  age,  and  a  liasket. 
These  secondary  bni-ials  it  is  most  needful  to 
consider  when  excavating,  so  as  to  pi'event  con- 
fusion of  periods  among  the  objects.  ]\Iaiiy 
other  burials,  without  distinctive  dating  of 
pottery,  &c.,  wei'e  thought  doubtfid  at  first, 
and,  in  fact,  no  bui-ial  was  accepted  as  primary 
witliout  some  evidence.  But  as  work  went 
on,  and  1  became  accustomed  to  the  style  of 
wrapping  and  the  linen,  Avhieh  was  certainly  of 
the  Vth  Dynasty,  and  when  1  noticed  how 
usually  some  l)oncs  ol'  a  primary  bvu-ial  gener- 
ally remained,  it  seemed  clear  that  we  must 
accept  all  the  great  mass  of  tlu;  liui'ials  as  cer- 
tainly of  one  age— the  Ytli  Dynasty.  Great 
confusion  may  arise,  and  has  arisen  elsewhere. 


li'om  not  notnig  at  the  tune  the  mixture  ol 
contents  in  tond)s;  and  unless  this  is  always 
considere(l,  we  can  relv  but  little  on  any  state- 
ments of  the  disrover\'  of  oliji'cts. 

(48.)  Many  tombs  li.ad  Ix'eii  o|)ened  in 
Roman  times,  aii<l  i-e-used  to  contain  large 
numbers  of  mninmies  swathed  in  thick  masses 
of  linen,  and  de<'orated  b\-  cross-binding  Avith 
narrow  strips  to  foi'iii  a  pattern  of  stpiares  all 
over.  This  is  like  the  ])iiiding  ol'  the  nuimmies 
of  the  lirst  three  centuries  A.D.  at  llawara;  but 
here  there  were  no  portraits,  no  gilt  studs  in 
the  spaces  of  the  pattern — onI\-  in  one  case  a 
gilt  plaster  face,  of  a  little  girl,  and  occasionally 
a.  l\-\Y  -wreaths.  The  bodies  were  crowded  to- 
gether, often  two  or  three  deep,  all  over  the 
chanibei".  The  tombs  with  such  re-interments 
were  Nos.  2,  5,  8,  1(1,  ]!),  (lU,  fii>,  81,  85  and  97. 
It  is  to  be  obsca'ved  that  a,  great  part — perhaps 
the  majority — Avere  cliildren,  showing  that  there 
Avas  a  large  mortality  at  about  live  to  fifteen 
years  of  age.  The  poimlation  must  liaA-e  had 
a,  very  high  birth-rate,  or  liaAC  been  rapidly 
diminishing. 

In  tomb  8,  although  a  stack  of  bodies,  mostly 
children,  had  l)een  put  in,  the  skull,  jaw  and 
collar  I)one  of  the  original  possessor  A\ere  pre- 
served, and  ])lace(l  on  the  toji  of  all  the 
mummies. 

In  tomb  11)  Avere  no  less  than  sixteen  late 
mummies  ;  oA'er  the  entrance  was  scratched  the 
name  Oros,  and  other  letters.  The  oi'lainal 
bones  were  pushed  over  to  one  side  of  the 
chamber. 

In  tomb  ST)  an  early  cotiin  remained,  Avith 
head-rest,  palette,  and  stick  ;  the  lid  was  in  the 
well :  and  into  and  over  the  coilin  Avere  thrust 
Roman  mummies  till  the  chainber  Avas  full. 

(49.)  At  Bahsainun,  two  or  three  miles 
north  ol'  the  DesJiasheh  cemetery,  some  ex- 
caxatiou  Avas  done  in  a  Uoman  cemetery  and 
fort  on  the  edge  of  the  desert.  Mauy  skulls 
were  preserved  from  here,  the  nicasurenients  of 
which  have  been  discussed   in  sect.  41.      The 


aiOCUNUAllY    BUl;iAI,S. 


;i9 


iuUowiiig  iiceount  nf  the  (.■.\c;iviitiuiis  tlierc'  is 
clue  to  Mr.  H.  V.  Cocre,  who  cLxainiia'd  ihc 
site  wliilc  I  was  at  Dcsliaslieli : — 

The  village  of  Balisumuu  is  situated  about 
six  miles  north  of  Deshaslich,  upon  a.  site  which 
in  Ftoman  times  supported  a  town  uf  consider- 
able size.  Unfortunately,  most  of  the  remains 
of  those  days  are  at  present  either  covered  by 
the  cultivated  lands  ^vhich  surruund  the  place, 
or  are  in  process  of  being  demolished  liy  the 
villagers,  for  the  sake  of  the  line  red  bricks,  in 
which  a  brisk  trade  is  done  in  the  nei'dibourin"- 
towns  and  handets. 

The  only  parts  of  the  site  Avhich  could  Ije 
properly  investigated  are  those  which  lie  on  the 
Avest  of  the  belt  of  cultivation,  in  the  desert. 
The  cemetery  of  the  old  town  covers  a  largo 
area,  but  few  of  the  graves  are  of  any  size,  and 
none  of  those  which  we  opened  contained  any- 
thing of  value.  In  some  cases  glass  vases  of 
the  well-knoAvu  long-necked  form  were  found 
at  the  head  of  the  grave,  but  they  were  gener- 
ally broken. 

Nearly  all  the  graves  oj)ened  had  been  pre- 
viously plundered,  and  even  such  things  as 
the  small  lamps,  ivory  hair-i)ins,  the  plates  of 
beaten  gold  which  were  sometimes  placed  on 
the  tongues  of  the  dead,  and  similar  trifles 
which  abound  in  many  sites  of  the  same  period, 
were  very  scarce. 

From  the  head  of  one  grave  a  small  tunnel 
ran  oft"  at  right  angles,  and  in  it  were  found 
seventeen  wine-jars  of  difterent  shapes  and  sizes, 
arranged  in  two  rows.  But  all  were  in  a 
damaged  condition ;  not  one  contained  any- 
thing, no)-  did  any  of  them  bear  traces  of  any 
writing  or  decoration. 

In  most  cases  the  Ijodies  Avere  fuund  laid 
on  the  bare  gravelly  soil,  without  collins,  but 
Avrapped  in  the  usual  linen  liandages.  In  the 
few  cases  in  Avhicli  coilins  were  lound  to  have 
been  used,  they  Avcre  formed  of  rough-dressed 
timber,  uniuscribed  and  unpainted.  Usually 
only   one   interment   had    been   made   in  each 


graAc,     but    onr     i'aiiiily    vaidfc    contained     the 
skeletons  of  a  man,  a.  AVoinan,  and  two  infants. 

I3esides  the  graves  of  olilong  shape,  which 
Were  mostly  (^uite  shallow  (l)eing  in  some  cases 
only  a  few  inches  beneath  the  present  surface), 
there  were  live  tondis  to  which  access  was 
gained  by  a  perpendicular  shaft,  varying  in 
depth  ffoiii  eiglit  to  eigliteeii  fret,  lined  with 
sun-(h'ied  bricks  and  pro\ided  Avith  niches  in 
the  Avails  to  facilitate  descent.  A  careful  ex- 
amination shoAved  that  they  had  all  been  plun- 
dered in  early  times,  and  nothing  left  Init  the 
bodies,  Avhich  Avere  much  broken  u})  and  dis- 
arranged by  the  robl)ers,  Avho  had  in  one  case 
thrown  the  skulls  into  a  heap  in  one  corner  of 
the  chandjcr. 

One  of  these  shaft-tombs  contained  three,  and 
each  of  the  others  tAv^o  chambers,  and  most  of  the 
chambers  contained  many  bodies,  the  majority 
being  those  of  adults,  of  either  sex. 

The  chambers  Avere  badly  constructed,  and 
much  damage  had  been  done  to  their  contents 
Ijy  the  falliug-in  of  the  roofs  ;  and,  moreover,  the 
wrappings,  and  even  the  bodies  themselves, 
Avcrc  so  completely  rotten  that  they  crumbled 
away  at  the  least  touch,  notAvithstanding  the 
appearance  of  j)erfcct  preservation  they  pre- 
sented Avheu  the  tombs  were  first  opened. 

On  the  edge  of  the  cultivated  lands  stood  the 
ruins  of  a  small  villa;  l)ut  it  too  had  been  de- 
stroyed for  the  sake  of  the  bricks  that  had  been 
used  in  its  construction,  and  only  the  inferior, 
sun-dried  mud  bricks,  Avhich  had  been  used  in 
parts  of  the  Avails  and  lor  the  paving  of  Avhat 
appeared  to  ha\-e  been  the  court,  Avere  left.  A 
large  quantity  of  broken  amphora)  and  some 
fragments  of  papyrus,  principally  uninscriljed, 
were  found  at  this  spot. 

About  a  mile  and  a-half  out  in  the  desert,  on 
a  high  1,-dm  or  mound,  Avere  the  ruins  of  a  Ijuild- 
ing,  constructt'd  of  sun-dried  brick,  Avhich  had 
almost  certainly  been  used  as  a  fort.  Its  site 
for  purposes  of  defence  Avas  avcII  chosen,  for  the 
mound  overlooked  a  large  area,  and  commanded 


40 


nKSIIASUEIl. 


one  of  the  priuripiil  iipproaches  to  the  Fayoum. 
Here  a  quantity  of  papyrus  was  obtaiiiod,  l)ut  it 
Avas  mucli  Li'oken  up,  and  unfortunately  few  of 
the  fragments  Avere  inscribed.  Some  earthen- 
ware lamps,  wooden  combs,  and  other  small 
articles  of  a  similar  nature  were  also  found,  but 
nothing  notcAvorthy. 

One  of  the  workmen  stated  that  in  digging 
there  during  the  past  lew  years  for  bricks,  some 
large  rolls  of  papyrus  had  been  discovered  ;  l)ut 
as  they  Avcre  considered  worthless,  they  had 
been  destroyed,  and  there  was  every  reason  to 
believe  that  the  statement  Avas  only  too  true. 

Adjacent  to  tlic  ruins  of  the  fort  Avas  a  small 
cemetery,  in  Avhich  the  graves  Avere  of  a  much 
better  class  than  in  the  one  previously  examined, 
being  for  the  greater  part  lined  Avith  A\^ell-made 
burnt  bricks.  They  usually  contained  very  solidly 
made  Avoodcn  coffins,  in  Avhich  the  bodies  Averc 
laid  (in  linen  Avrappings,  Avith  Avoollen  head 
shaAvls),  and  covered  Avith  rushes  aiul  some 
sweet-smelling  hcrl)S  and  tAvigs,  Avhich,  when 
burned,  gave  oil'  a  thick  smoke  Avith  rather  a, 
pleasant  odour.  Tlic  bodies  Avere  remarkably 
Avell  preserved,  Avith  the  hair  and  beards  in  a 
perfect  state,  probal^ly  owing  to  the  extreme 
dryness  of  the  soil,  and  the  colours  on  the 
head-Avrappings  Avere  in  many  cases  (putt' 
i'resh. 

All  the  bodies  belonged  to  the  male  sex,  and 
in  one  or  tAvo  instances  the  skulls  shoAved  signs 
of  having  received  injuries  from  cutting  Aveapons ; 
from  Avhich  evidence  it  seems  highly  probable 
that  this  small  burial-gi'ound  Avas  used  sojtdy 
for  the  garrison  of  the  fort. 

Tn  one  of  the  graves  there  Avas  a  brush 
that  liad  Ijeen  used  in  applying  some  tarry 
substance  to  parts  of  the  coffin.  It  Avas  made 
of  reeds  fastened  to  a  short  Avooden  handle,  and 
in  shape  Avas  not  unlike  the  brushes  used  by 
whiteAvashers  at  the  present  day;  its  length  Avas 
about  S  inches  and  its  breadth  4-^  inches.  It 
must  have  been  an  unhandy  instrument  to  \ixv, 
OAving  to  the  stiffness  of  the  reeds. 


<)ii  a  spui-  situate  to  the  south-Avest  of  this 
UKiuiul  Avas  II  cliaiii  <if  (lint  tmiiuli,  Avhicli  at 
iirst  sight  looked  as  tliough  they  might  covei- 
early  tonilis.  T^jjou  digging  into  them,  hoAv- 
cver,  they  proved  to  l)e  formed  over  shalloAV 
Avells  (about  eight  or  ten  feet  deep)  of  exceed- 
ingly irregular  i'ui'in,  cut  in  very  loose  gravel, 
imtil  the  lianl  rock  was  reached,  at  Avhich  ])oint 
their  excavators  liad  invariably  abandoned  their 
Avork.  l''or  Avhat  purpose  tliese  shafts  Avcre  dug 
it  Avould  be  hard  to  say,  unless  they  Avere  used 
as  stores  for  grain  or  some  purpose  of  a  like 
nature.  No  ti'aces  of  bones  were  found  in  any 
of  them,  and,  indeed,  from  their  extreme  narroAV- 
ness  it  would  have  l)een  impossible  for  any 
burials  to  liaA'e  been  made  in  them,  save  by 
placing  the  body  in  an  upright  position. 

Traces  of  a  small  liuildinf>-  Avcre  discovered  on 
a  ridge  some  distance  out  in  the  desert,  and 
examination  of  them  led  to  the  conclusion  that 
tliey  had  formed  pai't  of  an  ancliorite's  abode,  or 
of  a  very  small  monastery. 

The  upper  part  of  the  Avails  had  been  com- 
pletely destroyed,  but  it  Avas  possible  to  gain  an 
idea  of  the  plan  of  the  place  iVom  the  loAver 
portions,  Avhich  reuiaincd.  The  fu-st  cell,  Avliich 
Avas  0  feet  4  inches  long  and  4  feet  7  inches 
Avide,  Avas  paved  Avith  mud  l)rick. 

It  contaiued  in  one  corner  a  circular  red  pot 
of  medium  size,  Avhich  had  probalily  held  Avater. 
In  another  corner,  under  a  niche  in  the  wall 
(the  east)  Avas  a  red  eartheinvare  plate,  Avhich 
Avas  broken  into  three  pieces — most  likely  by 
the  falling-in  of  the  A\'alls.  In  a  third  thei'c  Avas  a 
small  opening,  18  inches  Avidc  and  about  1 5  inches 
high,  spanned  liy  a  pointed  arch.  At  first  sight 
this  appeared  to  be  a  sort  of  cupboard  ;  Init 
when  the  rubljish  A\as  cleared  aAvay  from  it,  it 
proved  to  give  access  to  another,  slightly  largei', 
chamber,  Avhich  fornu'd  an  L  on  plan  Avitli  that 
first  discovered. 

In  the  first  cell,  20  inches  distant  IVom  the 
Avail  in  Avhich  Avas  the  diminutive  doorAvay,  and 
terminating  opposite  the  centre  of  the  opening, 


SECONDAEY    BURIALS. 


41 


WHS  ti  dwurf  wall,  which  may  have  been  built  to 
afford  protection  from  draughts,  though  such 
care  seems  strangely  at  variance  Avith  the  pro- 
fession of  a  hermit,  or  a  monk  who  would  live 
in  such  uncomfortable  quarters.  jMore  j^robably 
it  was  erected  to  secure  the  complete  jiiivacy  so 
much  desired  by  such  holy  men  ;  but  it  must 
have  rendered  it  distinctly  aAvkward  for  anyone 
to  enter  the  cell,   as  they  would  have  had  to 


twist  themselves  in  serpentine  i'ashiun  tlu'ougli 
the  doorway  and  past  the  abutting  wall. 

There  Avere  traces  of  l)uildings  uj)on  the  other 
sides  of  the  larger  of  the  two  cells,  but  want  of 
time  prevented  any  further  examination  of  the 
curious  little  place.  And  as  nothing  of  sutticient 
interest  or  value  to  Avarrant  further  expenditure 
on  the  site  had  turned  up,  the  work  was  brought 
to  a  conclusion  after  nine  days'  diu'siu"'. 


4-2 


Dl^SHASITKIT. 


CiiAPTEU    IX. 

THE      INSCRIPTIONS. 
r.y  F.  J-i..   (luii'FiTii. 


(50.)  Tt  is  a  uTicvoiis  tiling'  tliat  the  in- 
scriptions oi'  the  De'sliuslu'li  tunil)S  ■.wv  i\\  s'.U'li 
bad  condition  :  all  are  of  interest  as  l)oin;:'  from 
a  new  locality,  and  some  have  evi(h'ntly  heon 
of  lirst-ratc^  ini]ioi'tance.  No  one  is  so  skilful 
as  I'rofessor  I'eti'ie  in  recoi;'ni/,inL;'  faint  traces 
of  scnlpture  upon  a  wall,  and  ^\'e  may  rest 
assured  that  the  most  careful  studvand  scrutiny 
of  the  oriiiinals  would  reveal  little  more  than 
appears  in  these  plates.  I'rofessor  Petric  has 
marked  what  was  clear  in  I'nll  line,  while  restora- 
tions of  sculpture  or  inscription  are  ^^iven  in 
dots;  hut  for  the  dotted  outlines  there  is  more 
or  less  authority  in  the  originals.  In  studyin_g 
the  copies  philoloiiically  with  the  aid  of  photo- 
f;;raphs,  I  have,  however,  occasionally  seen  reason 
to  depart  from  the  reading  indicated  by  the 
dotted  lines. 

Tcnir,  OF  Anta. 

I'l.  IV.  The  inscrii)tion  accompanying  the 
scene  of  the  capture  of  a  fortress  is  so  nuicli 
destroyed  that  hardlv  any  infoi'mation  can  be 
gained  from  it.  The  sign  of  a  captive  inside  a 
fortress  is  new  and  interesting.  The  figure  of 
a  captive  should  doubtless  be  restorc'd  in  the 
second    occurrence    of    the    fortress    siiiii,    and 

q  ^\  ,  Xedaa,  or  rather  Ndi/',  preceding  it 
is  in  all  probability  the  name  of  a  foreign  city. 
The  oval  iigure  of  tin;  fortress  is  the  same  that 
encloses  thi'  names  in  the  li>ts  of  foreign  cities 
and  villages  captured  by  kings  <>\'  the  XVIIIth 
Dynasty  and  later,  and  much  the  same  appear 
in   two   early  carvings   on  slate  published  by 


Stcmidorir  in  l\hrrs  l'\:sl^c]u-i/l,  the  originals  of 
which  are  in  the  Gi/.eh  Museum  and  the 
Louvre. 

1*1.  A'l.  The  large  figure  leaning  on  his  staif 
is  Anta,  himself.  l''acing  him  stands  "the 
director  of  (work  on)  the  tomb,"  named  Deniz, 
and  kneeling  before  him  are  two  persons  named 
A  pa  and  Airnefer,  Apa  being  a  scribe.  A  man 
named  Khyt  sits  with  his  back  to  the  cal)in,- 
and  at  the  stern,  trimming  the  sails,  is  the 
"superintendent  of  the    /,v/-ser\'a,nts,  })ossessing 

worthiness  before  the  director  of  Avork 

on   the  toml)  "      Evident!}'   the    people 

connected  with  the  construction  and  service  of 
the  tomb  Avished  to  be  commemorated  in  the 
scenes. 

v\nta  has  a  variety  of  titles,  viz.  : — • 

1.  Ti'l'li  .^irtcii,  "royal  acrpiaintance,'"  probably 
indicating  relationshij)  to  the  king. 

2.  mrr  v])t  (cf.  pi.  viii.),  a  connnon  title 
in  the  Old  Kingdom  both  in  the  Mcmphite 
necropolis  and  elsewhere.  It  perliajis  means 
superintendent  of  apportioning  work  ;  but  in 
Sinf,  Tomb  i.,  we  have  frequently  a  title 
vicr  tqit  J/ctrpu  ncfer,  "  superintendent  of 
apportioning  (?)  divine  offerings." 

3.  mcr  menu  seteii,  "  superintendent  of  the 
monument  (or  monuments?)  of  the  king." 
This  is  a  title  which  I  do  not  recollect  else- 
where, l)ut  it  is  repeated  on  ])ls.  viii.,  x.,  xii., 
and  so  is  quite  certain. 

■1.  Iiel-(i.  Iirl,  "ruler  of  a  fortress";  a  well- 
known  title,  meaning  apparently  the  governor 
of  a  city  or  district,  with  troops  under  him. 

5.  scshein  ta,  "leader  of  the  land,"  or  possibly 


TilK    INSUiUl'TION.S. 


4-S 


"  dispuuscr  ol'  k'nituiy ''  ;  li'LMj^iiL'ut  with  iner 
11  pt  (No.  2). 

J'l.  Yll.  At  the  to})  the  two  Hues  of  inscrip- 
tion contain  a  prayer  to  the  king  and  "  Annbis 
in  the  shrine"  for  "burial  in  the  [Western] 
JMountain,  as  one  Avho  had  deserwd  well  of  the 

great  god  [to  the ]  Anta.,  and  his 

wife  whom  he  lovt'S,  Mert'niin." 

Tile  first  three  columns  of  ■writing  aj'e  much 
nuitilated ;  afterwards  the  sense  of  the  I'rag- 
mcnts  becomes  more  connected,  but  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  make  out  the  exact  nieanini;-.  Anta  is 
evidently  boasting  of  the  excellence  of  his 
tomb  : — 

(3)   as  to  all  crat'tsnioii 

(4)  [wliom    I    ciuployeil    on    these?]    things,   they 
praisuil  God  for  mo  therefore,  they  desired  U)  do 

(5)  [tlie  like  ftir  themselves  ?]  in  order  that  they 
might    praise    God    for    mc    therewith    (fl 


(C) 


2very  man  (.vc?  iirh)  who 


sliall  enter  to  these  tilings,  he  will  praise  God  for 
mo  therewith  if  lie  shall  do  the  like  for  himself 
with  his  things  (i.e.  imitation  would  lie  the  most 
accoptaLle  form  of  llattery  fov  me  ?). 

(7)  ]>ut  as  to  all  people  who  shall  do  evil  to  tliesc 
things,  or  shall  do  anything  injurious  to  these 
things  (8)  and  shall  spoil  (?j  the  writing  therein  ; 
it  shall  he  that  a  judgment  sliall  he  made  of  them 
by  tlu!  Groat  God,  the  lord  of  judgment,  ('.))  in  tlie 
place  wliero  judgment  is  made. 

And  if  any  man  (.ve?  rich)  shall  desire  that  he  he 
equipped  for  burial  (10)  in  his  (own)  things  that 
ho  hath  made  [rather  than  ?]  with  other  and  again 
other  things  that  are  brought  for  his  noble  (?)  /.•«,  he 
is  deserving  before  the  Groat  God ;  (11)  things  are 
brought  to  his  noble  /,-«,  he  groweth  old  right  well. 

I  am  devoted  to  the  king,  I  am  devoteil  (12)  to  tlie 
Great  God,  I  love  that  which  is  good  and  hate 
tliat  which  is  evil  (?)  :  that  which  God  lovotli  is 
that  thiugs  should  be  done  [tor  everybody?]  (i.e. 
tiiat  all  should  enjoy  a  good  burial  and  funerary 
offerings  ?). 

It  seems  as  if  Anta  were  excusing  himself,  or 
taking  credit  to  himself,  for  making  and  e(piip- 
ping  his  tomb  at  liis  own  expense  instead  of 
waiting  for  the  offerings  of  others.  Possibly  he 
trusted  his  oAvn  skill  as  royal  architect  more 
than  that  of  his  descendants. 


Tlie  "Great  God  '  is  probably  Osiris,  the  god 
of  the  dead. 

I'l.  Yill.  Above  the  table  of  offerings  are 
the  titles  of  Anta.  and  his  wife,  "the  royal 
dresser  in  the  Great  House,  the  royal  acquaint- 
ance Mcrt'lMiii."  The  readinir  and  meaning  of 
the  title  "roval  dresser,"  or  possibly  "royal 
ornament  (or  favourite),"  have  recently  been 
made  clearer  by  Spiegclberg  (.1.  Z.,  xxxiv.  IGL). 

PI.  IX.     The  two  lines  at  the  top  are  : 

•' i\Iay  the  king  grant  grace,  and  Anuliis  in  Ta  Zescr 
grace,  for  burial  in  the  Western  Jlountain,  a  good 
old  ago  as  possessing  favour  of  the  Groat  God 
[in?]  the  Uag  festival  (18th  Tlioth),  the  Great 
Assembly  (4th  Mekhir),  the  Heat  (in  Mekhir),  the 
Going  forth  of  Min  (oOtli  of  the  month),  and  of  the 
Sc))i-priest  (4th  day  of  the  month),  the  Festival  of 
the  Jlonth  (second  day),  the  Half  Month  (15th 
day),  the  Beginning  of  the  Year,  and  New  Year's 
Day,  and  every  day." 

Over  the  right  arm  of  Anta  arc  his  name 
and  two  of  his  titles  :  "  Royal  acquaintance  and 
director  of  (the  work  on  the  royal?)  tomb." 
There  are  also  the  names  of  Mert'Min  and  of  a 
daughter,  "  the  royal  acquaintance,  possessor  of 
worth,  sat'kau." 

In  the  lowest  register  a  man  is  leading  a 
female  hyaena  with  a  leash  :  "  bringing  a  female 
hyaena." 

J'l.  X.  There  is  here  part  of  the  name  of  a 
daughter,  kau"s, 

PI.  XI.  The  names  of  the  animals  are,  as 
usual  in  such  scenes,  preceded  by  the  group 
ren,  which  is  of  uncertain  meaning.  The  oryx 
is  called  Jicz,  or  perha,ps  we  ma,y  restore  mahez 
with  j^ .  The  ibex  is  usually  called  naa,  but 
here  the  name  is  destroyed.  The  addax  is 
iiuilii,  OC^.  The  fat  bull  is  aiui,,  and  on  its 
ilank  is  marked  the  numeral  Jlo. 

PI.  XII.  Anta  is  here  entitled  sciiicr  or 
ticltc::  (?),  as  in  pi.  vii.,  but  the  meaning  of  this 
is  not  certain.  At  her  mother's  side  is  a 
daughter,  a  "  royal  acquaintance,"  and  in  front 
of  his  father  is  probably  a  son,  "  the  royal 
scribe,  Ra  Nefer."     Over  the  harper  is  written 


u 


HKSHASHKH. 


"  Rtrikiii<i-  ttu'  liarp,"  and  the  artioii  nf  the  tlirec 
men  kneelin^i;  in  I'nint  is  described  as  "singing," 
<ir  "clap])ing  hands  to  tlie  harp."  In  the  lowest 
register  we  reail  ''shackUng"  or  "  overtnniing 
a  hnll." 

ri.  XJll.  (Kcr  one  of  tlie  panel-paiiitei's 
seems  to  l)e  Ids  name  Ay. 

We  thus  see  that  tlie  inscriptions  in  this 
toml)  include  the  usual  prnvers  to  the  gods  oi' 
the  dead  lor  a  good  burial  and  dtVerings  on  the 
feast  days.  Anta  was  a  "royal  relative,"  and 
the  title  of  Mert'Min,  his  wife  (pi.  viii.),  is  one 
held  only  by  the  greatest  ladies,  inmates  of  the 
royal  harini,  probably  as  concu1)ines.  Their 
children  arc  therefore  also  royal  I'datives 
("royal  acquaintances").  The  scene  ow  [il.  iv. 
shows  that  Anta  Avas  great  in  military  att'airs, 
and  some  of  his  titles  probably  indicate  uoraarch- 
ship.  The  clearest  of  his  titles  are  "superinten- 
dent <.>f  the  royal  monument  (or  moiuinients?)," 
and  "  dircctiu' of  the  toml)";  which  latter  ma\' 
mean  either  that  he  Avas  <li)-ector  of  the  Avork  on 
the  royal  tomb,  or  refer  to  his  having  been  the 
architect  of  his  oAvn.  Unfortunately  Ave  Inive 
no  positive  knoAvledge  as  to  Avhich  of  the  kings 
of  the  Old  Kingdom  he  served,  nor  Avhat  Avas 
the  monument  of  Avhich  he  Avas  keeper. 


1.    Iiekn    lifl,   "governor    nf 


101 


tress  "    (cf. 


ToMli    OF    SUEDU. 


(51.^ 


})i'ayer   to    Aimbis   ol'   "  '^^ 


I'l.  XV.  At  the  top  was  evidently  a. 
iSepa,"  ending  Avith  the 
name  and  titles  of  "  Ateta,  Avhose  good  name  is 
Shedu."  In  iVoiit  of  Shedu  Avas  a  vertical  line, 
"seeing  [the  Avorks  of]  the  country,"  &c.     Over 

the  boat  in  the  loAvest  register  is  " by 

the  herdsman,"  and  "causing  to  pause  in  the 
midst  of  the  Avater  "—referring  to  the  boat, 
Avhich  had  been  going  too  fast,  stopping  for  the 
benefit  ol'  the  calf  and  other  animals  sAvimmino- 
behind,  Avhich  might  othcrAvisc  have  been  left 
exposed  to  the  attack  of  a  crocodile. 

n.   XVI.     Shedu    is    here    described    as   de- 
servinjr  well  of  "  Anubis  in  the  shrine." 


1)1.  vi. 


2.  smrr  iiafi,  "confidential  friend  of  the 
king''  (cf.  pi.  vi.)  ;  high  title,  very  common. 

o.  tc}^  khcr  xrteii.  "  the  first  after  the  king"  ; 
high  title,  A^ery  common. 

4.  Ill-  iiief  rrs^  "great  one  of  the  southern 
tens  "  ;  A'ery  conuiKiii. 

T).  liter  aid,  "superintendent  of  land";  not 
uncommon. 

{).  nier  slirnn  (?),  "  superintendent  of  sheitu  "  ; 
a  A'ery  rare  title,  occurring  also  on  pis.  xvii., 
xxiv.     If  Ave    miirht   correct   it   to    mer  shent, 

judicial  title  that 
might  very  avcU  go  with  that  of  "  superintendent 
of  the  fields"  ;  or  perhaps  Ave  may  see  in  it  mrr 
sheinifi,  "  superintendent  of  the  granaries." 

7 r  soil  iieh  (ci'.  ]ils.  x\ii.,  xxiv.),  " 

to  all  herbs."    I  do  not  know  how  to  complete  this. 

5.  '^.(1  itklia  (cf.  pi.  XXV.,  &c.). 


'wvw^,   it  would   be  a   kind 


O    2H(?)    (cf.    pi.    XXV.), 


seshein    la    v    nefi    Ichcii ,    "leader    of   the 

country  for  the  tAvo  cities  Avithin  the  Goat- 
district  (?)."  The  reading  is  very  uncertain, 
the  animal  hardly  likely  to  lie  "5^.  Perhaps  it 
is  that  Avhich  occurs  on  the  i)ilaster  in  pi.  xix. 
Senlu'in  fa  is  not  uncommon  by  itself:  on  the 
coffin  of  Nen'kheftek  (pi.  xxix.)  avc  have  it 
([ualified  as  here  by  the  name  of  a  district,  but 
1  am  not  sure  that  there  are  other  clear  instances 
of  such  limitation. 

The  name  is  given  as  "  Ateta,  Avhose  name 
is  Shedu  ("good  name"  on  pi.  xvii.),  born  of 
j\Icrt"ates." 

The  line  of  hieroglyphs  in  front  of  the  standing 
figure  of  Shedu  describes  him  in  set  terms  as 

"  seeing  [the  ofterings  brought  to  him from 

the]  Adneyards  (?)  by  his  /•<( -servants  of 

the  house  of  his  eternity,"  jir-r  n  zet-f  meaning 
probably  the  property  Avitli  Avhich  his  tomb  Avas 
endoAved  for  ever.  Over  one  of  the  men  depicted 
in  the  contiguous  scene  avc  see  the  title  of 
"  stcAvard." 


THE     INSr^RIPTIONS. 


45 


]^1.  XVII.  Shodu,  whose  titles  are  given  as 
before,  is  here  aeeoiiipaiiied  b\'  "liis  sister  whom 

he  loves  [bora  of]  ^lert-utes.     The  vertical 

line  of  inscription  iiiav  be  restored:  "  [seeino- 
the   offerings   ])roLiglit]    to  him    in   every  good 

festival  l)y  his  /,-rt-priests  (?)  of  the  honse 

of  his  cternitv  " 

PL  XVIII.  Shedu,  described  as  "deserving 
before    [Annbis]    upon    his    Rock    in    [allj    his 

Abodes,"  is  "seeing  in   the  speech  of 

herdsmen  of  the  house  of  his  eternity.  " 

In  the  top  row  over  the  scribe  are  the  remains 
of  a  list  of  oxen. 

In  the  second  row  there  has  been  a  Ion"-  line 
at  the  top  descriptive  of  the  scene,  but  it  is 
almost  wholly  destroyed ;  below  this  line  are 
the  remains  of  words  referrini'-  to  breedino- 
nehe^),  "mount";  assisting  the  birth  of  a  calf, 
sfelcht ;  and  "  milking  the  udder  "  or  "  cow," 
seshcr  Jcat  (?). 

In  the  third  rdw  the  line  of  inscription  is 
more  complete  :   "  Behold  thy  bulls  (?)  and  thy 

oxen  (?)    of  thy   stall  (?)   which    are    in 

the  fields  joined  (?)  by  the  herdsmen." 

Over  the  Imll  charging  is  f<fekh-k  1m  nchht, 
"  Mayest  thou  get  loose  (?),  0  strong  bull  !  " 

In  the  fourth  row  is  "Causing  to  the 

bull,  his  [children  ?]  are  with  him,  bringing  to 

him   his   bulls    to    see   the   jjraise  of  " 

One  of  the  operators  is  named  KlufTeta,  after 
the  king  Teta,  which  shows  that  the  tomb  is  of 
the  early  part  of  the  Vlth  Dynasty.  Another 
is  "his  son  Sebck-khau."  The  bulls  or  oxen 
are  called  ncg. 

PL  XIX.  S.  (should  be  N.)  side  of  recei^s. 
The  determinative  of  the  name  Shedu  is  a 
useful  confirmation  of  the  supposed  meaning 
"  water-skin,"  of  a  word  shedu  that  occurs 
rarely  in  the  inscriptions. 

Pilasters.  The  titles  seem  to  include  the  siffn 
of  an  animal  (goat  ?)  followed  by  c^  and  nome- 
sign  ;  perhaps  it  is  the  same  that  we  have  in 

pi.   XV. 

Back  uf  recess.     The  names  of  three  of  the 


se\-en  sacred  oils  are  visible :  we  shall  meet 
with  them  in  pi.  xxviii. 

PL  XX.  The  table  of  ofterings  has  the  usual 
list  above  it,  ibrming  a  kind  of  mcim  and  pro- 
gramme for  a  day's  food  and  attendance  to  be 
given  by  the  /.■/-priest  according  to  an  elaborate 
ritual.  On  such  lists  see  Maspero  in  Bcvuc  dr 
r  llislnirc  des  Religions,  xxxv.  275. 

PL  XXI.  The  vertical  inscription  runs  : 
["  May  he  have  funeral  supplies]  on  the  day 
of  the  month  and  half-month,  and  every  good 
festival  [and  every  day]." 

Over  the  middle  row  there  arc  three  in- 
scriptions,   1st,    "cutting    a    dooi',"    and     '2nd, 

■s- (i.mt  re  vet  site  res,  "making  [lirm?]  the 

point  (?)  of  (a  staif  called)  the  Southern  post." 
anif-re  I  take  to  mean  "  point,"  though  I  do 
not  know  of  any  instance  of  the  term  where  it 


has  this  sense.       1    -  -  ^  as  the  name  of  a 

staff,  shaped  0,  in  Leijd.  Muii.,  III.,  xxiv,,  per- 
haps signifies  a  staff"  having  a  metal  "  ferule  " 
of  electrum,  "  electrum- feruled  staff."  On  a 
colfin  of  the  Middle  Kingdom  (see  Steindorft"'s 
Grab  di's  Menhihrtej^,  and  Lepsius,  Aeltesfe 
Texte,  pi.  10)  we  see   four  staves  called  "jjost 

of  the  South"  ("^^^  J),  "post  of  the  North," 
"post  of  the  West,"  post  of  the  East"  :  some- 
times (.1(7^  Te.vie,  pi.  26)  they  are  called  simply 
meda  "  staves."  The  names  are  probably  mystic, 
and  connected  Avith  funeral  rites.  The  present 
scene  might  show  how  a  metal  ferule  was  firmly 
fixed,  but  it  see  ns  better  to  take  it  as  rejjre- 
seuting  tlie  hardening  of  the  "point"  of  the 
staff. 

The  third  inscription  is  "  cutting  a  piece  of 
wood." 

Over  the  lowest  row  we  have  "  a  frame  (?)  of 
panther  skin  (?),"  and  "stretching"  or  "curing- 
leather."  This  is  important :  in  Ebers  Fest- 
schrift, Bondi  has  read  3i5(  {^>^hent)  in  similar 
inscriptions  as  simply  the  determinative  of  tehes, 
and  interpreted  the  whole  as  a  name  for  leather, 
vjnn.     The  present  example  shows  that  t/is  is  a 


46 


DESIIASIIl'Il. 


(lifFercnt  word  from  l-hcnf  :  ovidoiitly  it  is  n 
verb.  I  do  not  deny,  however,  that  it  may  still 
he  tlie  origin  of  tlie  Hebrew  word. 

Over  the  h'atlicr-workers  who  nvc  makiiiL;- 
sandals  we  have  "  iiiaiiuCaeturiii^'  nll'criiiL;s." 

I'l.  XXir.  'i'lic  iiis(Tii)tii>ii  ill  front,  of  tlie 
larffc  fiffiire  siiows  remains  of  thi'  word  iiinJii, 
"Avihl  fowl"  The  youth  in  tlie  hows  of  the 
boat  is  "his  eldest  son  whom  he  loves,  ^'overnor 
of  a  fortress,  the;  confidential  I'oyal  friend,  Nona, 
whose  ^ood  name  is  licdi'nefiictep."  The 
"<;-ood''  name,  as  Professor  I'etric  remarks, 
can  1)0  (:oiii|ilcted  with  tolerahle  certaiiitv  from 
pL  x.w. 

Ph  XXni.  There  is  little  i-emainiii;;-  of  the 
inscriptions ;  at  the  left-hand  end  we  have 
"ox,"  followed  Iiy  "  ihex." 

I'l.  X.\I\'.  There  is  nothini;'  new  to  note 
here. 

I'l.  X.W.  Oil  the  X.  side  of  the  doorway 
we  lia\e  a,  new  title  ol'  Shedii,  ',m  ),  con- 
firmed by  pi.  xix.,  and  reading-  perhaps  l-licfji 
ftd-Jicii,  Init  tlic  meaning'  is  unknown.  if 
it  may  be  corrected  to  l.-hi'i-ji  Ju'irl-ii,  it  would 
mean  "superintendent  of /vj -servants."  In  11.  2 
anil  o  he  says :  "  I  was  one  tliat  spake  ^on{[ 
and  repeated  ijood,  I  was  one  that  [did]  justice, 
which  is  loved  [of  flod]."  On  the  S.  side  were 
repeated  the  name  and  titles  of  Shedu,  with  a 
long  inscription  laudatory  of  his  conduct,  but 
no  single  phrase  I'emains  complete. 

It  does  not  appeal'  from  the  inscriptions  of 
his  tomb  that  Shedu  or  any  of  his  family  were 
related  to  tlu;  king,  though  they  are  of  very 
high  rank.  Shedu  Avas  probably  nomarch,  and 
Avas  head  of  the  Department  of  Land  in  the 
central  government. 

(52.)  PI.  XXVII.  Panel  ok  Mk!;a.  One 
face  of  the  painted  j^anel  found  in  the  tomb  of 
Mera  represents  the  preparation  of  ofieriugs,  the 
other  represents  apparently  their  conveyance  to 
their  destination  in  the  tomb.  Here  the  man  at 
the  bows  of  the  leading  boat  is  entitled  "  the 
ruler  of  the  Fortress  of  the  pyramid  'Men-ncfer, 


the  royal  friend,  the  superintendent  of  priests, 
Me/.au  (?)."  His  name  is  not  (piite  certain.  As 
the  tomb  is  that  of  Mei-a,  I  imagine  that  this  priest 
of  high  rank  was  one  of  her  relatives,  and  had 
contributed  largely  to  the  furnishing  of  her  tomb. 

^leu'nefer,  "the  beantafnl  Men-pyramid,"  was 
the  name  of  the  pyramid  of  Pepy  I.,  and  also 
no  doubt  of  that  king's  adja-'ent  Pesidenco.  It 
is  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Memphis,  that 
city  lieing  regularly  called  ?»Ieirnefer  in  the 
inscriptions  of  tlie  X(!\v  Kingdom. 

ri.  XXVIIl.     Coffin  of  Mf.ka. 

/;/-/  .• 
'Jlay  tlie  Iciiii;'  tyrant  o-vaee  ami  Aiuiliis,  lonl  of  Sejia, 
lie  wlio  is  in  Ut,  tlui  lord  of  Ta-Zcser,  that  she 
may  have  a  nooil  funeral  in  her  toml)  of  Klienietor, 
that  slie  may  hav<!  olferings  in  tlie  Western 
Mountain  on  New  Year's  ])av,  the  r>egiiining  of 
tlie  Yr:ii-,  IT.ii;',  'I'li(i1li,  and  every  ^nod  festival  of 
God;  tlie  Idiin's  noMewoniali,  tlie  ilcscrviiiy  liefon; 
the  (ireat  (J.i.l,  Mera." 

Oiilsiilr,  hj't  : 
■'May  tlio  k'ini:;  i^raiit  i^race,  ami  Aniiliis  on  his  Jloinit, 
in  the  shrine,  he  who  is  in  Ut,  inril  of  Ta'Zoser, 
tliat  she  may  have  offerings  in  her  tmiili  of  KIku-- 
iietcr  ill  the  AVesteni  Mountain,  on  New  Year's 
day,  the  Beginning  of  the  Year,  TJag,  Tliotli,  and 
every  good  festival  of  (tod  ;  the  king's  noblewoman, 
priestess  of  Ifatlmr,  tlic  deserving  hefore  the  Tlreat 
(4od  [Mera]." 

Ovl^i(l<\  riijlit  : 
"May  tlie  ];ing  grant  graei^,  mid  Aiinhis  in  the  shrine, 
lie  who  is  in  Ut,  lord  of  Ta'/eser,  tliat  she  may 
have  a  good  funeral  in  hc^r  toml)  of  Kherneter,  that 
she  may  be  (?)  followed  by  her  /.viv  (the  plural  here 
is  very  enrioiis)  upon  tlu^  good  roads  on  which  the 
deserving  are  met,  that  she  may  be  received  liy  the 
Great  God,  lord  of  heaven  ;  the  royal  noldewoniiin, 
priestess  of  Ifathor,  Jlera." 

In.^iiJc,  head  cnil.  The  seven  sacred  oils  in 
jars,  Avitli  their  names,  Sct'lieb,  "Festival  Scent," 
fhl-iiu,  "ollcring,"  Scift,  Nekhnem,  Tuau,  Ihih-I- 
(ish  (cedar  oil?),  TTafet'Tehcnu,  "Libyan  oil." 

Inside,  foul  viid.  Figures  of  granaries.  On 
the  first  granary  is  inscribed,  "  Set  (wheat  ?) 
100  sacks."  On  the  second,  "Southern  corn, 
120  sacks."     On  the   third,   "Northern   corn, 


THE    INSCRIPTIONS. 


47 


240  sacks."  On  tlic  IVmrtli,  ''Jhirm,  I'-IO  (?) 
sacks."  ( In  tlio  first  lias  l)t'i'ii  added,  "  Carol) 
beans,  lUO  sacks,"  and  ou  the  cuni|)artiiR'ut 
Ijclow  it  are  some  indistinct  signs. 

In  these  texts  there  is  no  direct  mention  of 
Osiris,  hnt  pei-haps  he  is  referred  to  as  "  the 
Great  God  "  :  the  i'nnerary  inscriptions  of  the 
Old  Kingdom  arc  usually  full  of  references  to 
Osiris  of  Abydos. 

(53.)       i'l.   XXIX.      COFriN  OF  NEN-KIIKFriOK. 

Outside,  left  : 

"May  tlui  king  grant  grace,  and  Anubis  on  liis  inount, 
who  is  in  Ut,  lord  of  Ta-Zesor,  that  lie  may  have  a 
good  funeral  in  his  tomb  of  Kliei-neter,  and  tliat 
there  may  be  offerings  for  the  eonJidential  friend  of 
the  king,  first  after  the  king,  sujierintendent  of  tlie 
Departniciit  of  Laml,  Neu-klieftek,  whose  good  name 
is  Tliy." 

Otilsulc,  ri(/]d  : 
"Bhiy  the  king  grant  grace,  and  Osiris,  lord  of  llusiris, 
in  all  his  places,  offerings  for  him  who  is  deserving 
before  the  Great  God  ;  the  royal  scribe  (?)  of  the 
jiresence,  the  superintendent  of  the  records  of  the 
iJepartiiient  of  Land,  leader  of  the  ((luntry  of  tlie 

Upper  , tree    nonie,    Nen-kheltek,    whose    g(ioil 

name  is  Thy." 

The  nomc  referred  to  is  that  of  Ilcracleopolis 
Magna,  and  it  is  evident  tJiat  Deshaslieh  lay 
within  it,  as  we  should  expect. 

Outside,  fool  end  : 
"First  after  tlie  king,  staff  of  tlie  IJekhyt,  pillar  ui'  Il,e 
ka  of  the  mother,  Tliy." 

TJie  priest  entitled  "  pillar  of  the  hi  of  the 
mother,"  or  later,  "of  the  hi  of  his  mothei-,"  is 
figured  in  a  symbolic  hieroglyph  at  Beni  Hasan 
as  supporting,  in  an  upright  position,  an  a])e 
or  monkey-figure  called  the  "  Irn  of  his  mother." 
Pi-csumal)ly  it  was  a  sacred  female  ape  (see 
Belli  Ihimii,  III.,  pi.  vi.,  fig.  82,  and  p.  27). 


Outside,  liead  end  : 

"The  confidential  friend,  first  after  tl-.e  king,  the  worthy 
one,  Neirkheftek." 

Jnsitle,  left.      A  long  list  of  ofi'erings. 

Inside,  liend  end.  The  seven  sacred  oils,  and 
"green  cye-jiaint"  with  black  "stibium." 

Scholars  have  been  accustomed  to  treat 
Nen-khcftek  as  a  mere  variant  writing  of  the 
name  Ncn-kheft-kn,  but  Professor  Pctrie  has 
pointed  out  that  the  two  are  used  uniformly  for 
distinguishing  different  i)ersons  ;  we  may  there- 
fore write  the  I'ormer  as  Nen-kheftek,  "no 
enemy  of  thine  (existeth),"  and  treat  it  as 
different  from  Nen-kheft  ka,  "  no  enemy  of  the 
hi  (existeth)." 

PL  XXXIII. 

27.  "The  possessor  of  worthiness  before  the  (Jreat  God, 
the  njyal  acquaintance,  the  superintendent  of  ap- 
portioning (see  titles  of  Aula),  tlie  ruler  of  the 
Southern  City  of  the  Goat,  Neirkludt  ka,  and  his 
wife,  the  royal  acquaintance,  possessing  worthiness 
before  her  husl)and,  Nefer'seslienis." 

The  "Southern  City  of  the  Goat"  is  apparently 
elsewhere  unknown  :  probably  it  was  the  name 
of  the  town  to  Avhidi  the  Dcshasheh  tombs  be- 
longed, a  town  evidently  of  importance  at  that 
early  time. 

I'S.  In  addition  to  his  other  titles  X'en-kheft-ka 
is  here  called  "priest  of  the  king";  otherwise 
we  have  here  nothing  jiew. 

32.  Nen-kheft-ka's  son  Nen-kheft-ok  succeeded 
to  some  of  his  father's  titles.  He  is  here  called 
"  the  possessor  of  Avorthincss  before  the  Great 
God,  the  ro\'al  ac(|uaintance,  the  superintendent 
of  apportioning,  Neu-khcft-ek."  In  No.  30  his 
titles  v;ere  probably  the  same;  in  No.  31  he  is 
only  "  royal  ac(piaintance." 


.Noic  to  ri.  XII.  Mv.  Petrio's  ingenious  but;  rattier  surprising  restor.ation  of  female  dancers  ^va^^llg  gazclle-lieaded 
wands  is  confirmed  by  a  sign  in  tlie  Pyramid  texts,  which  reprcscnis  tliis  wan.l  in  the  Imnd  of  a  woman.  It  occui-s  as  the 
determinative  of  the  word  ,hi<il,  which  proljaljly  signifies  women  skilled  in  tlii.s  kind  of  dance.  See  Mcrenra,  1.  4G7,  and 
the  parallel  texts. — F.  Li,.  G. 


49 


IN  DE 


Aah  dad,  37. 

Addax,  8,  43. 

Algerian  skulls,  25. 

Amulets,  16,  17. 

Ancestor  worship,  ritual,  10. 

Au-nefer,  7,  42. 

Anta,  tomb  of,  4. 

,,      sepulchral  cbamhei',  5. 

,,      skull  of,  5. 
Apa,  7,  42. 

Aralis,  settled  tribes  of,  I. 
Archers,  Egyptian,  G. 
Ateta,  name  of  Sliedu,  9,  44. 

Ba,  passage  for,  into  sepulclirc,  9. 

Bahsamun,  work  at,  38-41. 

Large  for  funeral,  11. 

Baskets  of  Vth  Dynasty,  33. 

Beads,  IG,  17,  21. 

Bedawi  auxiliaries,  6. 

Behnesa,  work  at,  1. 

Beni  Hasan,  war  scenes,  G. 

Birds,  trapping  of,  7,  9. 

Board  of  Mora,  20. 

Boat  building,  7,  8. 

Boat,  meu  iu,  leading  cattle,  9. 

Boat,  model,  19. 

Boat  of  Anta,  7,  42. 

Boats  of  papyius,  7. 

Boats  with  oars  raised,  11. 

Bodies  buried  perfect,  16-19. 

,,  dissevered,  20-24. 

Bones  broken,  18. 
Bow,  breaking,  in  submission,  G. 
Brand,  or  label,  on  luill,  8,  43. 
Bulls,  8,  9,  43. 

,,      dwarfed,  10. 
Burials,  orientation  of,  19.     See  Bodies,  Coffins,  Mummies, 
Suniniar}'. 

,,        in  eraek  of  rock,  23. 

,,       Koman,  at  Bahsamun,  38-40. 


Calf's  head  and  haunch  offerings,  15,  37. 
Captives  of  Sati,  6. 
Carnelian  heads,  &c.,  IG. 
Carpenters,  10. 

Cattle,  scenes  of,  7,  8,  9,  11,  45. 
Chikl's  body,  perfect,  22. 
Chisels  of  Vth  Dynasty,  8,  33. 
Clap-net,  9. 

Cloth  and  clothing,  8,  IG,  31,  32. 
Coffin  of  Nenkhefiek,  15. 
,,      with  amulets,  IG. 
„       tilled,  17. 
,,      bo.\- framed,  18,  21. 
,,      solid  block,  18. 
„      of  Mera,  20. 
Combat,  scenes  of,  6. 
Contracted  burials,  17,  18. 
Coi)per  staples  on  colli n,  IG. 

pan,  19. 
C'oppersmitlis,  8. 

Coptic  destructions,  5,  7,  8,  9,  11. 
Crane,  carried,  7. 
Crocodile,  11. 
Cubit,  37. 

Cylinder,  glazed  pottery,  19. 
Cypriote  pottery,  3G. 


Dancers,  8. 
Demez,  7,  42. 
Desiiasheh,  settling  al,  2. 

,,  desert  plateau,  2. 

,,  cemetery,  2. 

,,  town  at  a  distance,  2,  3. 

Dissevered  bodies,  partially,  20,  21. 

„        entirely,  22-24. 
Donkeys,  11. 

Door,  false,  for  olferings,  3o. 
Drying  of  bodies,  15,  18,  20. 
Dwarf,  slinging,  7. 

„        with  beads,  &c.,  8. 


50 


DEHIIASIIEH. 


Ei<;liteciith  Dynasty  burials,  15,  18,  3G,  37,  38. 

Erdiinefliotep,  10,  11,  4G. 

El-  Ri-lia,  2. 

Exploration  aloni;  desert,  1. 

Eye  aimiiet,  IG. 

Eyes  painted  on  (■oll'in,  15,  16. 

Fiieade  of  tonil.  of  Sliodii,  9,  11. 
Feast,  preparation  for,  8. 
Fisli-dryiiigr,  7. 
Fishers  with  net,  7. 

,,        can-ying  fisli.  7. 
Fishing  scone,  10,  11. 
Fort  of  liic  Sati,  G,  7. 
Fro^  amulet,  17. 
Funeral  barge,  11. 

Gdlaliiiii'h,  an  ancient  ])attern,  31. 
Garson,  Di'.,  nicasnrcinenls  by,  25. 
Geere,  Ih:  H.  A'.,  3,  3S-il. 
Gcnett  (•at>,  10. 
Girl  earrictl  away  captive,  G. 
Glazed  stone  beads,  IG,  .'il. 
„       jioltery  cjlinder,  19. 
Goals  browsinLT,  9. 
Gold  foil,  IG. 
Graining  of  wood,  20. 
Gianaiies  figured,  11,  20,  4G. 
Grenfell,  Mr.  1'..  P.,  1. 
Griflith,  Mr.  F.  LI.,  12. 

Haematite  beads,  16. 
llacs,  Mr.  Frank,  3. 
Hand  amulets,  16. 
Harper  and  singers,  8. 
Hatchet  of  Vth  Dynasty,  8. 
Headrests,  sculptured,  10. 

„  of  Xenkhcftek,  \'). 

„  solid  block,  IG,  17. 

,,  fluted  stem,  18. 

„  witli  inscription,  20. 

„  under  tliigli,  21. 

„  beyond  head,  22. 

„  of  various  types,  31. 

„  of  XVIIlth  Dynasty,  37. 

HippopotanuLs,  1 1, 

,,  head  amulet,  17. 

Hornet  amulet,  17. 
Horus  pendant,  IG. 
Ilotep  hici-oglyph,  3o. 
Hunt,  Mr.  A.  S.,  1,  8. 


Huntsman  and  dog,  8. 
Hyaena  led,  7. 

Ibex,  8,  43. 

Inscriptions,  cut  on  collin,  IS. 

,,  of  Anta,  42. 

of  Shed u,   1. 1. 

,,  of  Mera,   IG. 

„  of  Neidvheftek,  47. 

Jar  for  driidc-oflerings,  5. 
Jasper,  green,  16. 

Ka  priests,  9. 
Khaensebek,  9,  45. 
Khu  Tela,  4,  9,  45. 
K'hyt,  7,  42. 
Kilted  stuff,  16,  32. 
Kohl-pot  of  alaliaslci',  15. 

Lakes  by  westein  descrl,  1. 
Leather-working,  8,  10,    IG. 
Leopard's  head  amulet,  17. 
Lever-press,  10. 
Lion  amulets,  17. 
Lute,  inlaid,  37. 

Mallets  of  Vth  Dynasty,  33. 
^ledum,  skulls  from,  25,  26. 

,,        bones,  27-29. 
Memphis,  name  of,  20,  46. 
iL'Uti-iSatel,  war  of,  5. 
Tilera,  collin  and  Innly,  20. 

,,      jianel,  20,  40. 
Mertat.es,  10,  45. 
]\[ertefs,  10,  45. 
Mezau,  46. 

Milk,  determinative  of,  9. 
Milling  a  fort,  6. 

Minmert,  wife  of  Anta,  7,  8,  43,  4L 
Mourners,  1  1 . 
Mummies,  Koman,  2. 
.Mummifying  not  practised  early,  15. 
Murray,  Miss,  4. 

Nedaa,  town,  5,  42. 

Neferhoteps,  wife  of  Nenkheftka  (A),  4. 

Neferscshems,  wife  of  Nenkheftka  (15),  4,  14. 

Nena,  10,  11,  4G. 

Xenkhcftek,  date  of,  4. 

„  tomb  of,  12,  15. 


INDEX. 


51 


Nenklieftek,  statue?,  Lj-lTi. 

,,  inscription  of,  47. 

Xeukheftka,  date  of,  4. 

,,  tomb  of,  12. 

„  statues,  13-1.5,  47. 

Net- work  stulf,  19,  32. 
New  Race  .-knlls,  2.5,  2(i. 
bones,  27-29. 

Oars  raised,  1 1. 

Olferings,  'J  ;  on  coHins,  15,  20. 

Orientation  of  biiiials,  10. 

O.yx,  8,  43. 

Oxyrbj'nkbos,  work  at,  1. 

Piii liters,  8. 

Palestinian  pottery,  30,  37,  38. 

Palettes  of  scribes,  34,  3.5. 

Papyrus  work,  7,  34,  35. 

Pendant  beads,  21. 

Perfect  bodies  buried  in  colfins,  IG,  17. 

„  ,,  witbout  coffins,  18,  19. 

Phoenician  pottery,  1.5. 
Pillars  in  tomb  of  Aiita,  5,  8. 

,,      of  tomb  of  Sliedn,  9. 
Plaster  Collin  beads,  site  for,  1. 
Plaster  bariler  than  stone,  11. 
Plundering  of  bodies  while  fresh,  18. 
Pottery,  5,  IC,  18,  19,  22,  23,  35-38. 
Priestly  dress,  7. 
Pyramid,  ligured,  11. 

Quarrying,  34. 

Rauefer,  scribe,  43. 
Rediuefhotep,  lU,  11,  46. 
Restorations  ou  the  plates,  6,  8. 
Ritual  of  aucestor  worship,  10. 
Roman  mummies,  2,  38,  39. 

„      skulls,  29,  30. 

„       tombs  and  town  at  Bahsamun,  38-41. 

Sacrifice  of  ox,  8,  9,  11. 

„        performed  by  sons,  9. 
Sandals,  scnl[)tured,  8. 

„        made,  8. 

,,        in  colliu,  20. 
Sandstone  shar|ieners,  34. 
Sati,  war  of,  6,  6,  7. 


Sati  women  lighting,  G. 

,,     chief  of,  6. 
Sawing,  10. 

Scenery  of  western  desert,  1. 
Scribe,  S,  9. 
Sculptor,  8. 

Secondary  Iturials,  15,  18,  30,  37. 
Serdabs,  5,  9,  12. 
Shedii,  date  of,  4. 

„       tomb  of,  9. 

,,       second  name  Ateta,  9. 
Shirts  of  Vth  Dynasty,  31,  32. 
Siege  of  fort,  6,  7. 
Singers,  8. 

Skeletons,  measurements  of,  27-29. 
Sliulls,  measurements  of,  25-30. 
Statues  of  Nenkheftka  and  son,  13. 

,,       breakage  of,  13. 

,,       wooden,  19,  31. 
String  in  board-picture,  20. 
Summary  of  modes  of  burial,  24. 

Temple  of  a  pyramid,  figured,  11. 

Tetakhu,  son  of  Shedu,  4,  9,  4-5. 

Thompson,  Jlr.  Herbert,  3. 

Throw-stick,  10,  37. 

Thy,  name  of  Neiikheftek,  4,  1.5. 

Thy  of  Saqqaia,  4. 

Titles  of  Anta,  42. 

,,        Shedu,  44. 
Town  of  the  Sati,  5,  G,  7. 
Trapping  of  birds,  7. 

Umrau  Khallil,  native  antiquary,  2. 
Urlin,  Miss  Hilda,  3. 

Vases  fignred  iu  tombs,  7,  10. 
Vineyard  scene,  9. 

Walker,  Dr.  J.  II.,  3. 

War  of  Sati,  5,  G,  7. 

Warren,  Mr.,  measurements  by,  27. 

Water-skin,  determinative,  10. 

Weaving  in  Vth  Dynasty,  32. 

Women  skeletons  compared  with  men,  28. 

„       of  Sati,  captive,  6. 

,,  „       fighting  BeJawin,  6. 

Wooden  chisels,  33. 
Workmen,  8,  10. 


i^lST    OF    PLATES. 


Frontispiece.    Ncnkheftka  (photograph). 
I.     Cemetery  of  Dcshashcli.     Plan. 
1 1.     Groups  of  tombs. 
Tir.      Plans  of  tombs,  Anta  and  Sheda. 


IV. 

y. 

VI. 

vir. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

xiir. 

XIV. 


XV. 

XVI. 

XVI  [. 

XVIIl. 

XIX. 

XX. 


TOMU    01'    A  MA. 

N.  of  E.  wall.     Battle  and  siege. 
X.  -wall.     Boat  building,  &c. 
N.  of  W.  wall.      Sliip  of  Auta. 
X.  of  Rcocsrf.     Inscription. 
Back  of  llecess.     Ofl'crings. 
S.  of  Recess.     Children,  &c. 
S.  of  W.  wall.     Anta  and  wife. 
S.  of  W.  wall.     Animals. 
S.  wall.     Dancei-s,  harper,  &c. 
S.  of  E.  wall.     Workmen. 
Pillar. 

To.Ndi    OK    SlIKDU. 


X.  of  E.  wall. 
E.  of  N.  wall. 
W.  of  X.  wall. 
N.  of  W.  Avail. 


Field  scenes. 
Vineyard. 

Servants. 

Cattle. 


XXI.  W.  of  S.  wall.      Workmen. 

XXIT.  E.  of  S.  wall.     Fishing. 

XXI II.  S.  of  E.  wall.     Harvesting. 

XXIV.  Faradc.     Fishing,  Pyramid,  &c. 
XXV.  Facade.     Boats  and  cooking. 


Pilasters  and  Peces; 
S.  of  Recess. 


List  of  olferinss. 


XXVI. 

Amulets  and  Beads. 

XXVTT. 

Painted  board  of  ^lera  (coloured). 

XXV ITI. 

Coffin  of  ]\Iera. 

XXIX. 

Coffin  of  X^enkheftek. 

XXX. 

Ncnkheftka  and  Nenkheftek 

(photograph) 

XXXI. 

Ncnkheftka  and  Xefersems 

(photograph) 

XXXI 1. 

Nenkheftkn,  at  London  and  Cairo 

(photograph) 

XXXI 11. 

Potter}'.       Inscriptions     of     Ncn- 

kheftka. 

XXXIV. 

Baskets,  mallets,  chisels,  &c. 

(photogra\:)h) 

XXXV. 

Positions  of  bodies. 

XXXVI. 

Skulls  (photograph). 

XXXVII. 

Dissevered  bones  (Runtgcn  photo 

graph). 

1  :  4000 


DESHASHEH.       CEMETERY. 


1st 


/     5th  spur 


7th  spur 


1  :  1000 


DESHASHEH.        DETAIL    PLANS    OF    TOMBS. 


♦  I* 


i/ 


" ;-  r^/ 


\     3rd  spur 


/■■ 


/ 


♦    18 

22  / 

■  2aB     / 

•         / 


29 


27    28/     £1^-25 


2nd  spur 


1st  spur 


NENKUEFTK/ 


1  :  120 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    PLANS. 


& 

i^ 


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1 


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TOMB     OF     SHEDU 


r:'_a::: ni"_:n  i":  r 


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Facade  with 


sculptured  scenes 


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1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.        TOMB    OF    ANTA,     N.    HALF,     E,     WALL. 


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DESHASHEH.        TOMB    OF    ANTA.     W.    WALL,     N.    HALF. 


VI. 


1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF   ANTA.     RECESS    N.   SIDE. 


VII. 


1 


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5TO'i«oi^  <y^  of  rio  f  ^iu 


1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    ANTA,     BACK    OF    RECESS. 


VI 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.        TOMB    OF    ANTA,     S.    SIDE     REv    ESS. 


IX. 


'l^^lffevfi  %M,^ 


J^[^ 


m% 


fl^^^!£ijll?;5|  IgP  ^aI^SW^  1 1  Yl  S 


1:8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    ANTA,    S.    HALF,    W.    WALL. 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEi!.       TOMS    OF    ANTA.     S.    END,    W.    WALL. 


XI. 


\. 


\ 


ASHEH.   TOMB  OF  ANTA,  S.  WALL. 


Xll. 


I      V 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.        TOMB     OF    ANTA,     E.     WALL,     S.    HALF. 


XIII. 


.-.^ 


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/  *  i 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    ANTA,    PILLAR. 


XIV. 


^•^  "  n  I II 


-c^^^ 


<^- 


io\Ji  AjI 


•••■^n 


Of 

1 


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^     / 

/? 


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M 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU,    E.    WALL.     N.    HALF. 


XV. 


■■■-) 
./•/ 


Vv' 


-/nS- 


I     \      If 
\ 


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1:8 


DESHASHEH.        TOMB     OF    SHEDU,     N.    WALL.     E.    HALF. 


XVI 


^^   ^'     (ill    [R]  V'Vr  ^:\^.  O     ,/7W\        (/ 


A\ 


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1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU,     N.    WALL,    W.    HALF. 


XVII. 


"    ij-X-  J  -^iL         j  o.    'l1LL<^£>  'TfiL  I/O  X 


n 


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1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU,    WEST    WALL,    N,    HALF. 


XVIIL 


'^"^^Ju/MJ/ 


1  :  8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU. 


XIX. 


Pilasters  of  N.  and  S.  walls 


^L 


[Q 


w 


m 


S.  wall  of  recess 


9- 


^XXA    II  I 


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DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU.    S.    SIDE     RECESS. 


XX. 


1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU.    S.    WALL.    W.    HALF. 


XXI 


y 
<?. 

< 


1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU.    S,    WALL.     E.    HALF. 


XXU. 


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yy. 


1--1  ^ 


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T-J^ 


t_/*\ 


1  :8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU,     E.    WALL,    S.    HALF. 


XXIII 


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1  ;  8 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU,     LOWER     FRONT,     S.    HALF. 


O 


y 


a  " 


L 


DESHASHEH.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU.    ON     N.    HALF    OF    LOWER    FRONT. 


XXV. 


S.   SIDE    DOORWAY.       TOMB    OF    SHEDU. 


N.    SIDE    DOORWAY. 


1  :  1 


DESHASHEH.       AMULETS    AND    BEADS,    Vth    DYNASTY. 


XXVI. 


1  :4 


DESHASHEH.   COFFIN  AND  BOARD  OF  MERA. 


XXVII. 


''^%*-*ii^3«?''. 


^t1 


1  :7 


COFFIN    OF    MERA. 


XXVIII. 


I 


1 


(■-a 

u 

I"  \ 

v: 

P 
V 


3 


Pil 


E- 


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2 

C 


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1 : 

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1  :  8 


COFFIN    OF    NENKHEFTEK. 


XXIX. 


1  ' 


i 


■b. 


I  i 

SI 


0 


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<  I 


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.11. 


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W  'i'llf^CJ 


DESHASHEH.         FIGURES     OF     NENKHEFTKA     AND     NENKHEFTEK. 


XXX. 


DESHASHEH.         STATUETTES     OF     NENKHEFTKA     AND     WIFE. 


XXXI. 


DESHASHEH.       STATUES    OF    Vth     DYNASTY. 


XXXII. 


HEAD  OF  NLNKHEKTKA.     2. 


STATUE  OF  NENKHEFTKA. 


7. 


SEATED     FIGURE     OF     NENKHEFTKA,     WITH     BOY     NENKHEFTEK. 


WOODEN   FIGURE.     9. 


1:  6 


DESHASHEH.       POTTERY    AND    INSCRIPTIONS. 


XXXIll. 


1  ;3 


INSCRIPTIONS    ON    STATUES. 


/^^«AA^ 


/ 


31 


u 


A\^VA 


^ 


O^ 


JLcQ 


Tr 


DESHASHEH.       Vth     DYNASTY. 


XXXIV. 


11.       PALETTE    OF    A    SCRIBE. 


12.        PAPYRUS     BASKET     FROM     A     TOMB. 


BASKET  (see  above).  3. 


^^^Hr   "''^ 

■ 

1 

1 

■ 

^^^^1 

R^Kh 

All 

1 

rMH 

^pH 

HHh 

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ill 

1 

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my.^Yj'^lfl^B 

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mr^^^HI 

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F^ft'fWlBB 

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p-i 

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m 

H^^^^HH 

J^KKt'f^'^^^^^^^K 

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ii 

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^^1 

m^>t.^^^^ 

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.  -iiiB 

IH^B^ 

B 

I^IHH 

19,  20,  21. 

MALLETS 

^^^1  ;hHIv'~. 

''^^Hl 

IHI' 

^1 

I^^^^^H 

USED 

BY 

STONE 

CUTTERS. 

^^S?,  .wiaSjtej/iii 

itairl^i^-^-^^^di^ 

BESBH 

m 

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nnti'fKK?Bu^£i^^ 

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^^1 

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Br.' 

9 

1 

^HHH^^^li 

13,   1-1,   lU.      MALLLTb.  IC,    iV,   lU.      WOODEN     CHISELS. 


1  ;10 


DESHASHEH.       BURIALS,    INSCRIPTIONS    AND    DRESS. 


XXXV. 


1.3 


'K'--ncL  cofi.j')  14-8 


f-l»  MS 


116 


2:9 


DESHASHEH.         SKULLS    OF     PERFECT    AND     DISSEVERED     BODIES. 


XXXVI. 


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DESHASHEH.         X     RAY     VIEW     OF     LEGS     OF     DISSEVERED     BODIES     IN     WRAPPINGS.  XXXVII. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND. 

•    I,— THE    .STORE  CITY  OF  PITHOM    AND    THE    KCiL'TE    OF    THE   EXODUS.     Memoir  for  lS8o-Si.     J!.v 

Edocaki)  Xaville.     13  Plates,  Map  antU'lan.     Third  and  Kevised  Edition.     25s.     •■ -'.'  .  -l -S  {Otct  of  Print.) 

II.— TANTS.    Parti.    iMcinoir  for  lS«4-8.5.    By  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie.    16  Plates  and  2  Plans.    Second  Edition.    25^■. 

III.— XAUKUATIS.     Parti,     ilemoir  for  l88^-8('..     By  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie.     With  Clmpters  hy  CECir,  Smith, 

Ernest  A.  Gardner,  and  Barclay  V.  Head.     41  Plates  and  7  Plans.     Second  Edition.     25s.  , 
IV.— GOSHK.N',  AND    THE    SHRINE  OF  SAFT  EL  HEN^'1•:H.     Memoir  for  1886-87."    By  EnouARi)  Naville. 

11  Pliites  and  Plans.     Second  Edition.     25s. 
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Jlemoir  for  ISST-fS.     By  W.  .M.  Flinders  Petrie,  F.  Ll.  GRitFlTK,  and  A.  S.  Muiiray.     nl  Plates  and  Plans.     25.-'. 

VL— NAUKRATIo.     Van  II.     Memoir  for  1888-89.     By  Ernest  A.  Gardneh  and   F.  Ll.  Griffith.     24  Plale.-i  and 

Plan".     25s.  - 

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VIII.— BUBASTIS.     Memoir  for  LS89.90.     By  FnouARH  Navil?.e.     54  Plates  and  Plans.     25s;\   / 
IX.— TWO  HIEROGLYPHIC  PAPYRI  FT  )M  TANI8.     An  extra  Volume.     Price  o«.     Containing': 
I.— TUE  Su  -\  PA  PY"  as  (i  Syllabary).    Py  F.  Ll.  Griffith. 
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nEI.NKlLd    B.7GSCH. 

X.— THE   FESTIVAL    HALL  OF  OSORXON   II.  (BUBASTIS).     Memoir  for  1800-91.     By  Edouard  Naville. 
Will)  B9  Plat"B.     2r,s. 

XL-AIINAS  EL  :\IEDINEH.  Memoir  for  1891-9".  Bv  Ep>.-jard  Nav;'xe  ;  and  THE  'JoMB  OF  PAHERI  AT 
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XU.— DEIR  EL  BAHART.     Memoir  for  1892-93.     By  EooDakd  Naville.     15  Plates  and  Plans. ,   '25s. 

XIII.— DEIR  EL  E'VHARI.     Part  J.     Memoir  for  1893-94.     By  En.  tjald  Nath.le.     Plates  I.-XXIV.  (3  coloured), 

with  descriitiou.      Royal  folio.     30s. 

XIV.— DEIR  EL  B/  HARI.     Part  II.     Memoir  f  jr  1894-95.     iiy  Edouard  Naville.     Plates  XXV.-LIV.  (2  coloured)^ 
with  deeorii-tiou.     Royal  folio.     30s.  '^- 

XV.— DESHASHEH.     Memoir  for  1895-G.     By  W.  M.  Fmni  -rf   Petrie.     Photogravure  and  other-Plate.';.     25."!. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  ArlCHAEOLCGIGAL  SURVEY  OF  lGYPT. 

Edited   by   F.    I    .   GRIFFITH.   M.A.,   F.S.A, 

I. — BENI    H.VSAN.     Part  ''.     Fir  1890-91.     L     Percy  E.  Newbekry.     With    I'lans    and    Mea.^ri.    lenl.s    of    the 

Tombs  by  G.  W.  P^Asrn.     4'J  Plr.es  (4  coloureu).      I'rice  25s.  <;>■ 

II. — BENI    HASAN.     Part  II.     For  1891-92.     Ry  Percit  1.  Newberry.     With  Appendix,  Plans  and  Measurement'^ 

by  G.  W.  Eraser.     38  Plates  (3  oolonred).     Price  25s,*  _< .       /.'< 

IIL— EL  BERSIIEII.     Part  L    For  1892-93.     Bv  F.  Ll.  G  ^irf'iTii  and  Percy  E.  Newberry.     34' Plates  (2  coloured). 

Price  2us.*  ■■  .i^r . 

IV.— EL  BEBSHEH.     Part  II.     For  1893-94.     By  F.  Ll.  (iniFFiin  and  Percy  E.  Newberry.     With  Appendix:By 
G.  W.  Frasf.b.     23  P'.ates  (2  coloured).     Price  25s.* 
v.— BENI  HASAN.     I'art  TII.     For  1394-95.     By  F.  Ll.  Gr  ffitii.     10  Coloured  Plates.     Price  25s.* 

In  Preparation. 
VI —HIEROGLYPHS  FT'  )M  THE  COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  EGYPT  EXPLORATION  FUND.     For  1895-96. 

Py  Pi  Ll.  Gkifhtii.     With  Coloured  i'lates.     Price  25s.* 

*  Separate  F'.hiin.s  are  ^wppUed  to  Subscribers  at  a  reduction  of  20  per  cent. 

ANNUAL    ARCHA_OLOGICAL    REPORTS.      Edited   by   F.   Ll.   Griffith. 

THE    SEASON'S  WORK    AT   AHNAS    AND    BENI    HASAN.     By  Edouard  Naville,  Percy  E.  Newberry,  and 

(i.  WiLlonGHBY    Fraser.     2.^.  <!(/. 

For  1892-93,  2.S'.  6t/.  For  1893-94,  2s.  0'?.  For  1894-95,  3.-.-.  Of?.  For  189.5-96,  .3»\  For  1896-7,  2s.  C?. 

SPECIAL    PUBLICATIONS. 

.-VTLAS  OF  ANCIENT  EGYPT.     With  Letterpress  and  Index.     Second  Edition.     3s.  C'7. 

GUIDE  TO  TEMPLE  OF  DEIR  EL  BAHARI.    With  Plan.     Od. 

AOriA  IHSOY:  Sayings  of  our  Lord,  from  an  Early  Greek  Papyrus.     By  B.  P.  Grenpell  and  A.  S.  Hunt.     2h.  (with 

Collotypes),  and  G((.  net. 


Offices  of  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund  : 

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